Common Carotid Atherosclerosis Model

6. Atherosclerosis, pp.1157. is a form of arteriosclerosis in which thickening and hardening of the vessel are caused by the accumulation of lipid-laden macrophages w/I the arterial wall, which leads to the formation of a lesion called a plaque. It is not a single disease but rather a pathologic process that can affect vascular syustemns throughtout the body, resulting in ischemic syndromes that can vary widely in their severity and clinical manisfestations. It is the leading contributor to coronary artery and cerebrocascular disease. Athrosclerosis is an inflammatory disease, the lesions progress from endothelial injury and dysfunction

Joy Harjo’s “Remember” seems at first to be a simple plea from an unidentified speaker that the listener (standing in for all people) “remember.” “Remember you are this universe and this / universe is you” (lines 21-22), says the speaker. Throughout the poem, the speaker tells the listener to remember sixteen times; “remember” is an anaphora, a repetitive command by the speaker that seems to indicate that “remembering” is what the poem is about. Look deeper, though, and the poem seems to be about the interconnectedness of all things, and understanding that people, nature (plants and animals), the earth and sky, and the universe are all connected and related to each other. Look even deeper, though, and the essence of the poem becomes obvious:

Atherosclerosis is a type of arteriosclerosis. Arteriosclerosis is a general term for the thickening and hardening of arteries. Atherosclerosis, or hardening of the arteries, is a pathological situation in which plaque builds up inside the arteries. Plaque is usually made of cholesterol, fatty substances, cellular products, calcium and fibrin (a clotting material in the blood). Atherosclerosis is the leading cause of mortality and morbidity from cardiovascular disease (CVD) around the world. The magnitude of this problem is so high that atherosclerosis claims more lives than all types of cancer combined and the financial burden are considerable1. It a complex, chronic pathological

Sometimes atherosclerosis occurs in the carotid arteries, especially at the bifurcation or the point where the common carotid divides into the internal and external carotids. Atherosclerosis means that a potentially dangerous plaque has formed on the artery wall. Plaque is a sticky material made of fat and calcium which hardens the arteries and can block the flow of blood. This narrowing is sometimes called a carotid artery stenosis, meaning that the carotid artery has narrowed significantly.

Atherosclerosis is the leading cause of coronary heart disease, the number one killer of Americans (). The inflammatory process is known to lead to a myriad of other cardiovascular complications including, coronary heart disease, stroke and myocardial infarctions. It is important

Atherosclerosis can be associate with atheromata’formation, which are raised, fibroadipose plaques that develop within the intimal layer of the artery or within the innermost layers of the tunica media. Some atheromata undergo calcification or ulceration, and mural thrombi can form over complicated and uncomplicated atheromata. As a result, can block or diminished the blood flow in the artery, turning tissue and organs oxygen deprived.

The two diseases are analogous, as deposits of LDL cholesterol can cause narrowing of blood vessel walls and decrease blood flow in both types of arteries (Chambless et al., 1997). However, coronary artery disease affects the coronary arteries – arteries that branch off of the aorta and deliver blood to the heart (Chambless et al., 1997). Nevertheless, coronary artery disease and carotid artery disease share many common risk factors, including hypertension, diabetes, smoking, and high cholesterol (Chambless et al., 1997). Antiplatelet drugs are commonly prescribed for those suffering from coronary artery disease; thus, many patients who undergo a carotid endarterectomy for carotid artery disease, a procedure that removes material on the inside of an artery in order to correct narrowing, are on blood-thinning medications (Knight, 2003). Two of the most common antiplatelet drugs include acetylsalicylic acid, which is more commonly known as aspirin, and Clopidogrel (Knight, 2003). Both of these drugs can be effective in preventing blood clots in those with coronary artery disease, but they can induce serious complications for those with carotid artery

Secondary: the use of intravascular ultrasonography that examined the effect of antiartherosclerotic therapy on the progression of coronary artery disease (^5)

Mass media has been around since history has been recorded and everyday it gets more biased. As time progresses, the people that follow public media are becoming blind to the facts and believe what ever come across their screens. For example, the recent article by CNN, “Police: Alfred Olango pointed vaping device, not gun” shows countless biases that affect every person in the United States, including myself.

A sufficient coronary artery blood flow is essential to supply oxygen for normal cardiac activities (Craft, 2014, p. 599). Atherosclerosis is a common form of CHD. It is an inflammation disease when plasma cholesterol is high. Risk factors such as hypertension, high cholesterol, smoking and diabetes increase the risk of endothelium injuries, contributing to the increase in oxidated lipid-lipoprotein (LDL). Foam cell is produced by the increase in the number of macrophages signalled by oxidated LDL. Next, the accumulation of foam cells will cause the formation of fatty streak lesions on arteries walls. Over time, fatty streak lesions migrate to the site and form fibrous plaque due to the increase in smooth muscles and collagen. The thickening and hardening initiated by an accumulation in calcified fibrous plaque caused the blood vessels to narrow. As a result, a decrease in tissue perfusion contributing to the development of myocardial ischemia (Craft, 2014, p. 599; McCance & Huether, 2014, pp. 1145-1147).

One source of great mortality and morbidity in Europe and North America is the cardiovascular disease, Atherosclerosis. It is recognized as a chronic inflammatory disease of the intermediate and large arteries characterized by the thickening of the arterial wall and is the primary cause of coronary and cerebrovascular heart disease (Wilson, 2005). It accounts for 4.35 million deaths in Europe and 35% death in the UK each year. Mortality rate are generally higher in men than pre-menopausal woman. Past the menopause, a woman’s risk is similar to a man’s (George and Johnston, 2010). Clinical trials have confirmed that lipid accumulation, endothelial dysfunction, cell proliferation, inflammation matrix alteration and foam cell formation are

Atherosclerosis begins with damage to the inner wall of an artery. Substances in the body such as cholesterol, fats and cellular waste products accumulate inside the damaged area. Chemical reactions occurring within the build-up of these waste products cause cholesterol molecules to oxidize. This initiates an inflammatory response within the body in which the endothelial cells release chemicals. These chemicals are toxic to the body, signaling a call for help. In response to this chemical reaction, monoxides from the bloodstream travel to the affected site. Stimulation from the oxidized cholesterol turns the monoxides into macrophages. As a result, the macrophages change into foam cells, which accumulate over time to form plaque. As the plaque

The current epidemic of coronary heart diseases continues to increase as “cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of death globally resulting in about 30% of deaths annually” (Jaleta, Gudina, & Getinet, 2014) and with Atherosclerosis being one of the top diseases among African Americans and obese children. Atherosclerosis is described as the disease of clogged arteries from buildup of plaque, causing arteries to become narrow, thick, and stiff which makes blood flow very difficult to pass. As many factors do contribute to the growth of this disease, this literature review will discuss the factors of the African American race as well as children being affected by Atherosclerosis. The substances of the plaque is usually composed of cholesterol, fat, and calcium which sticks together to harden over time in the walls of the arteries. As a result of such action, narrowed arteries can cause blood clots which can overtime lead to a heart attack. Although it is a treatable condition, lots of preventable methods are required to see improvements such as nutrition and exercise.

Atherosclerosis is a disease in which fatty materials and plaque buildup on the inner lining of arteries. Arteries are blood vessels which carry rich blood to the heart and throughout the body. They’re lined by the endothelium, a thin layer of cells. The endothelium keeps blood flowing by keeping the inside of arteries smooth. However, when Atherosclerosis starts due to high blood pressure, smoking, or high cholesterol, it damages the endothelium. Atherosclerosis tends to happen throughout the body and arises when people grow older. This disease is mainly due to the deposition of fatty materials i.e., cholesterol, calcium and other substances found in the blood. The buildup of fat then hardens causing narrowing of the arteries. This

In blocked or obstructed arteries, blocked coronary artery blood flow may be resulted by the deposition of cholesterol, calcium and some fatty substances referred to as plaque. The deposition process begins at early ages and when growing at a different rate in every individual regarding the presence of the risk factors. These deposits accumulate gradually eventually reducing the diameter of the coronary artery to the extent that blood vessels can no longer pass blood to the need of muscles of the heart. Apart from the clogging plaque, there exist other mechanisms that may also contribute to the reduction of blood flow to the heart. These include spasm of the coronary artery and also