Cold Fusion Research Paper
As the world becomes more aware of the growing need for a more abundant energy supply, one energy source has been swept under the carpet and virtually ignored. This source is cold fusion. Cold fusion is:
“A reaction that occurs under certain conditions in supersaturated metal hydrides (metals with lots of hydrogen or heavy hydrogen dissolved in them). It produces excess heat, helium, and a very low level of neutrons. In some experiments the host metal has been transmuted into other elements. Cold fusion has been seen with palladium, titanium, nickel and with some superconducting ceramics.” (Infinite)
In 1989 Stanley Pons and Martain Fleischmann announced to the press that they had discovered cold
…show more content…
If they had gone to the community before the press, a new scientific discovery might have been developed and researched, however there are only a few believers in cold fusion that are still researching it today.
A general way physicists determine if a reaction is nuclear or chemical is via tritium (an isotope of hydrogen) production. Chemical reactions do not produce tritium, while most nuclear reactions do. It is important to note that some forms of fusion (nuclear reaction) can occur where tritium is not produced. (Matejowsky) Pons and Fleishmann claimed to produce a few tritium atoms, but their claimed results were never replicated because they did not publish their experiment. The exact method they used was not replicated until it was too late and cold fusion already had a bad name and been renounced. Even once the method they used had been reproduced the results were not consistent enough to convince the community. This resulted in the scientific community believing the entire idea and concept of cold fusion to be a hoax. As a result, any young scientists entering the community were turned away from cold fusion as was observed at the Seventh International Conference on Cold Fusion. “The younger ones had bailed years ago, fearing career damage from the cold fusion stigma.” (Platt) Most scientists that thought the possibility of cold fusion was real either left it
Process of nuclear fusion release enormous about of energy It is a nuclear reaction where two atoms collide at a very high speed and join two crate a new type of atom .It needs two atomic nuclei to make a large nucleus it needs energy to make this happen though. Things that use this reaction are the sun and the stars to release energy.
Cancun Fresh Mexican Grill serves authentic and popular Mexican dishes, using the freshest ingredients available. This no frills restaurant quaint and welcoming. The wait staff are friendly and are open to customize your meal the way you like it. Cancun Fresh Mexican Grill is good for families, small to large groups or just a casual meal outside.
1. Christian, Eric. (2012, May 10). Nucleosynthesis. Retrieved from http://helios.gsfc.nasa.gov/nucleo.html 2. May, Sandra. (2015, Sept 16)
This paper will examine the Australian beef market, and whether it is an attractive market for South Korea to import from. An analysis of the current Australian and South Korean beef industries; the conditions required to produce beef most efficiently, following the Heckscher-Ohlin Model; tariffs that are involved with these trades, and the impact of the Korea-Australia Free Trade Agreement; environmental implications to Australia; as well as the cultural environment and geographic factor, will be discussed to determine whether South Korea is an attractive market for Australian beef.
Curium was first produced by the team of Glenn Seaborg, Ralph James, and Albert Ghiorso in 1944 at the University of California, Berkeley. Using a device called a cyclotron, they bombarded atoms of an isotope of plutonium with alpha particles. The plutonium with alpha particles was then sent to a laboratory at the University of Chicago where a tiny sample of curium was separated and identified. However, news of the new element was not revealed until after the end of World War II and was officially announced in November, 1945.2
America’s blindness to the past and the “whitewashing” of history, sanctions for many tales of exploitation and cruelty to go unnoticed. We hear about slavery and of the displacement of the original inhabitants of America, Native Americans, but the extent to which we hear about their plight only goes so far. Those elements of different cultures which are not useful to the story of success and triumph for the colonizers is ignored, minimized, transformed or just destroyed. (Arnold, 1999: 1) This cherry picking of history is what allows for the exploitation of the marginalized people to continue on today. If America was to trace the brutal and racist timeline of American history and genuinely examine it, then they would have to face the colossal
In March of 1989, a discovery was made that rocked the scientific world. Stanley Pons and Martin Fleischman had announced that they were able to create and sustain a cold fusion process. After intense media attention, and corresponding interest in future test, the subject seemed to have faded away. Future tests proved inconclusive, and when the quick promise of easy energy didn’t materialize, most quickly forgot the subject. Little is said about the continuing research in the scientific community to further our understanding of the free energy enigma. Is it science fiction, on the border of legitamete science, or is it a practical field worthy of serious attention?
Many obstacles limit the adoption of nuclear fusion to include education, resources and the process itself.
“At the sun core, powerful gravitational force generates heat and pressure, causing a reaction where by two hydrogen atoms collide and bond in to heavier helium atoms” (Naik, Guatam). The word fusion is when a merging of separate elements into a unified whole. “Scientist can’t replicate the tremendous gravitational force feeding sun and stars, they must find other ways to generate the intense heat and pressure needed to fuse the hydrogen atoms” (Naik Gautam). “It’s clean energy, virtually limitless fuel available, no chain reactions, with little to no waste and very low fuel cost but it’s unproven, commercial power plants will be very expensive to build and require extremely high temperature” ( Nolten, Tanja). Fusion should advance under general guidelines with some government control by how fusion was invented, backgrounds into fusion, the future of power and fission versus fusion. “Both fission and fusion are nuclear reactions that produce energy, but the applications are not the same” (Duke, Energy).
Fusion energy seems to be the most promising energy source of the not-too-distant future. It is safe, it uses an energy supply that is so abundant that it will never run out, it gives off harmless waste, and it produces energy comparable to the Earth's sun! But are there any problems with this hopeful energy source?
The molar heat of fusion is the energy required to convert 1.00 mole of a solid into a liquid at the melting point that is specific to that substance. The transition from a solid to a liquid is called an endothermic process. In an endothermic process, energy is absorbed by the system from its surroundings. The transition from a liquid to a solid is an exothermic process. In an exothermic process, energy is released by the system into its surroundings. The molar heat of fusion is determined by using calorimetry. Calorimetry is the measurement of the amount of heat that is absorbed or released chemical reaction. A container called a calorimeter is used to measure the heat involved in a chemical reaction. It’s covered to prevent air from going
Using fusion for power as many benefits to us, it offers a solution without the problems of our current methods, sustainable or otherwise. Fusion does not give off greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide, unlike the use of fossil duels such as oil or coal; neither does it create long-lived radioactive waste like nuclear fission. It’s not dependent on the weather as wind or solar powers are, and there is no risk of a runaway reaction as, unlike nuclear fission, there is no chain reaction.
Glenn T. Seaborg, Joseph W. Kennedy, Edwin McMillan, and Arthur Wahl discovered it in 1940.
In their study, the results they found for their “Super Compact Neutron Source” were on the less impressive side considering the hopes for a fusion reaction were very high. According to their report, they were able to get approximately anywheres from one to two megawatts of of output for an input of six megawatts of neutral beam
The article that I decided to review was an article about how a research laboratory in California was able to create nuclear fusion by using an incredibly concentrated laser. This is important because we need to find alternative fuels to power our society that doesn’t give off excess amount of pollutants such as carbon emissions or nuclear waste. In the article it mentions that this laser was able to create more power than it used therefore it can be used to generate power. The other process I want to mention as pretext is the nuclear fission of U-235 and U-238. The difference between these two operations is that they operate on the respective particles mentioned above and additionally U-235, which is what we use