Cohort Studies

1. The researchers found a significant difference between the two groups (control and treatment) for change in mobility of the women with osteoarthritis (OA) over 12 weeks with the results of F(1, 22) = 9.619, p = 0.005. Discuss each aspect of these results.

According to Goodman and Fuller (2009) Osteoarthritis is divided into 2 classifications: Primary and secondary. Primary OA is a disorder of unknown cause which in the cascade of joint degeneration it is believed to be a related defect in the articular cartilage. Secondary OA has a known cause, which may be trauma, infection, hemarthrosis, osteonecrosis, or some condition Primary Osteoarthritis (OA) is the most common joint disorder in the world and often affects the knee and hip joints (Rubak, Svendsen, Soballe, & Frost, 2013). For patients with primary hip OA, pain and disability are the most important indications for total hip replacement (THR) (Rubake et al., 2013, p.486) Primary symptoms of OA include joint pain, stiffness, and limitation of movement. Disease progression is usually slow but can

1. The researchers found a significant difference between the two groups (control and treatment) for change in mobility of the women with osteoarthritis (OA) over 12 weeks with the results of F(1, 22) = 9.619, p = 0.005. Discuss each aspect of these results.

In approximately five percent of OA cases, the disease appears in younger individuals, who typically then have a predisposing condition. This can be joint deformity and/or laxity, previous joint injury, or some underlying metabolic disease, such as diabetes mellitus, alkaptonuria, or hemochromatosis. Marked adiposity can also predispose individuals to osteoarthritis. This is attributed largely to the increased load on weight-bearing joints in these patients. In fact, two in three people who are obese may develop significant knee osteoarthritis in their lifetime.2 The disease is called secondary osteoarthritis in these

An injury when excessive force is applied to a joint can cause the cartilage to tear, most commonly in the knee. Obesity is a significant factor; it places extra weight on all weight-bearing joints making the joint more vulnerable to injury. For every extra pound, you gain it adds three pounds of pressure on you knees and six pounds on your hips (). Inactivity can lead to weight gain, and you will have weaker muscles which help keep joints properly aligned. Other diseases that may result in OA are septic arthritis, Paget disease of the bone, diabetes mellitus just to name a few. A person may also carry genes that place them at risk. Warning signs of OA include stiffness in joint after sitting for an extended period or we you get out of bed. Swelling and tenderness in one or more joints Symptoms of OA are worse with activity, there may even be a gritty feeling or noise when the joint moves called

This study was a randomized control trial in patients of 18 to 35 years of age, who presented to an emergency department with recent rational knee trauma to a previously uninjured knee within the last four weeks. Anterior cruciate ligament insufficiency was determined by clinical exam, and a score of five to nine on a tenner activity scale before the injury. 5 indicating participation in recreational sports and nine representing competitive sports. Possible participants were excluded if they had a full thickness rupture seen on magnetic resonance imaging, or if they have had a previous knee injury. (Frobell, Roos, Roos, Ranstan, & Lohmander, 2010)

Also, the severity of the knee pain of the participant was assessed by use of Kujala questionnaire and OSTRC Overuse injury questionnaire (Appendix 3).

Osteoarthritis (OA) is a degenerative condition which mainly affects the knees and hips as a result of damaged articular cartilage in these areas (Adatia, Rainsford, & Kean, 2012 p.618). This is known to be exacerbated by diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, and age, which are known in this case study. In addition, the common manifestations of OA Ethel experiences include chronic pain, restricted ADLs, and reduced quality of life (Adatia, Rainsford, & Kean, 2012 p.617).

All patients included in the study were recalled for subjective, objective, and functional evaluation; the study protocol involved the range of motion (ROM), ligamentous stability, Tegner-Lysholm Score, Modified Cincinnati Rating System Questionnaire, Short Form-12 (SF-12) in addition to the plain radiograph, computed tomography (CT), and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the knee. According to international knee documentation committee (IKDC) score, any development of arthrosis was assessed at the final follow-up.

Self-reported physical activity (PA), sedentary behaviour (SB), functional performance and quality of life (QoL) evaluation tools have been developed to subjectively measure health outcomes following TKA. These measuring tools differ in their measurement techniques as well as in the number of domains they assess. The self-reported functional instruments (questionnaires) that have been used to study health outcomes of patients before and after TKA include: Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index (WOMAC), Medical Outcome Survey Short Form 36-Item (SF-36), Knee injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS), Knee Society Score (KSS), Oxford Knee Score (OKS), International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ), Global Physical

Our participants will be both males and females ages 18-50. They must have had a hamstring or patella tendon graft used in their reconstruction. They must also be willing to participate in the treatment protocol 3 times a week for 6 months time. The participants must have no prior knee injuries, no pain in the contralateral knee and no co-morbidities such as diabetes, coronary artery disease, osteoarthritis, or rheumatoid arthritis. We will not include any vulnerable populations such as prisoners, pregnant women or cognitively compromised individuals in the study.

In this study, 23 participants were diagnosed with Rheumatoid Arthritis. These 23 patients were recruited from rheumatology outpatient clinics of National Health Service Trust. In order to be included in the study, each patient had to display steady disease activity for the past three years. Those who had a catabolic disease, steroid injection, joint replacement, or current pain (or swelling) in the right or left knee joints were exempted from the study. The 23 patients that were recruited were then matched (by sex and age) with 23 healthy volunteers.

Rheumatic or musculoskeletal conditions comprise over 150 diseases and syndromes. One condition called Osteoarthritis (OA) is the most common degenerative joint disease that affects the cartilage. In developed countries it ranks among the top ten for disabling diseases. It is associated with aging and affects the joints that have been continuously stressed throughout the years. This includes the knees, hips, fingers, and lower spine region. The condition presents itself as a loss in flexibility, stiffness, and a deep, achy pain. Treatment of this condition requires a variety of components to fit a person's needs, lifestyle, and health.

Co-morbidities-Two studies reported(23,24) that CVS disease such as hypertension or ischemic heart disease are considered as the risk factor and one study also reported that respiratory illness can also contribute to OA. Mork et al suggested that sedentary lifestyle exacerbated knee OA such association of the co-morbidities may accelerate the progression of each other. Depression was statistically linked with knee OA was concluded in two out of three

Osteoarthritis is the most common joint disorder, and more than half of all Americans who are older than 65 have been diagnosed with osteoarthritis. However, recent US data has revealed knee osteoarthritis does not discriminate age, and there is growing evidence that osteoarthritis affects individuals at a young age. The annual cost of osteoarthritis due to treatment and loss of productivity in the US is estimated to be more than 65 billion dollars.1 With no cure currently available for osteoarthritis, current treatments focus on management of symptoms. The primary goals of therapy include improved joint function, pain relief, and increased joint stability. Although the exact cause of osteoarthritis is unknown, many risk factors have been identified including increased age, female gender, obesity, and trauma.2 Within these risk factors, the etiology of osteoarthritis has been divided into anatomy, body mass, and gender.