6.1 Basic Profile of Witnesses Cited As stated in chapter 1.2, this chapter will empirically demonstrate the validity of the the identification of variant scribal practices and the utility of the proposed schema for explaining the variation found among Qumran “biblical” witnesses with three case studies from the psalms. Based on the ranking system described in chapter 4, the following is a basic profile of the witnesses cited for use in the case studies.1 Note that each witness is given with its corresponding ranking between parentheses ( ). “Translator” witnesses: 11QPsalmsc (0.53), 11QPsalmsb (0.62), and 11QPsalmsa (1.00) 11QPsalmsc and 11QPsalmsb are “biblical” mss written in prose format and dated to the first half of the first century …show more content…
Now, in contrast to the “mirror” witnesses referenced below, it is significant that the “translator” and “mixer” psalms witnesses are not stichometrically arranged, whereas the “mirror” psalms witnesses are.6 This observation further supports the validity of the groupings identified in chapter 4. “Mirror” witnesses: 8QPsalms (0.00), 5/6HevPsalms (0.02), 4QPsalmsc (.10), and 4QPsalmsb …show more content…
Psalm 139 was selected first in order to furnish a stark comparison of textual transmission from a “translator” scribe (namely, that of the Great Psalms Scroll) and MT. Psalm 118 was selected second in order to contrast, as much as possible, how scribes from all three scribal groups transmitted the same psalm. And Psalm 18 was selected last to show how the “mirror” scribal practice, which is admittedly by far the most common group among the witnesses, corresponds virtually exactly to the MT scribal practice, at least linguistically speaking. The purpose of these case studies is to answer the question: “Does the recognition of variant scribal practices best serve to explain sufficiently the variation? And does the proposed schema serve well as a tool to evaluate such variation?” To be clear, the evaluations contained herein are therefore not meant to provide final text-critical decisions as to what may or may not be archetypal or preferred readings. Instead they are meant to show that recognizing variant scribal
Director, Davis Guggenheim, in the film Waiting for Superman, tells the untold stories of five children waiting for their opportunity to go to a better school. Guggenheim’s purpose is to convey the idea that some schools are waiting for their superman to come save the day. In Waiting for Superman, Davis Guggenheim uses a variety of rhetorical devices to show how the education system is corrupt and what is being done to fix this system. Guggenheim appeals to the viewer’s emotions by providing many heartbreaking stories from the five children being interviewed. There is nothing more pitiful than puppy being kicked or a toy being taken away from a baby.
DeClaisse-Walford offers an informed commentary of the psalm while also focusing on the entire structure and history of the Hebrew Psalter as opposed to other authors who do the analysis alone.
Harris, R. L. (1999). 68 אָחַר. (R. L. Harris, G. L. Archer Jr., & B. K. Waltke, Eds.)Theological Wordbook of the Old Testament. Chicago: Moody Press.
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Imagery, Parallelism, and syntax the King James version has the word ban of psalm except
In this chapter (7) the main focus is a group of Palestinian Jewish people in the era between 323-63 B.C.E. The problem at the forefront of these people’s minds was the influence and thereupon the challenge of Hellenism (pp. 95). In other words, the Greek and Hellenistic leaders were forcing the Jewish people to perform an array of acts against that of which they believed. However, these individuals collaborated an abundance of biblical canonized and non-canonized documents that were later found and referred to as the “Dead Sea Scrolls” (pp. 98-99). However, this finding helps academics learn more about how this group used the Psalms. I am intrigued that through all of the persecution this community endured, they still involved themselves in the Thanksgiving Psalms. The biblical Psalms had deep influence on some fresh hymns composed within the community: the so-called Thanksgiving Hymns” (pp. 106). This indeed portrays the deep spirituality and Godly discipline these people had through times of disorientation.
A Survey of the New Testament by Robert H. Gundry and Dr. Edward W. Watson’s lectures and his lecture book provide more information to complement Daniel Harrington’s Interpreting the New Testament. The Gundry’s writings and Dr. Watson’s lectures fill in more details for the core information of the Harington’s book and even simplifies it. Some of these examples are Source Criticism, Form Criticism, and Redaction Criticism.
Instead, he contends that the “proper honor lies in the tidings that they announce that surpasses their own horizon.” Lawrence argues that Gadamer finds three instances of Urliteratur in the New Testament. First, the writers present themselves as faithful witnesses of an authentic tradition that begins with the first community and first witnesses, which makes them more an intermediate witness than an author. Second, the New Testament is an “eminent” or classical text. Gadamer describes eminent text as one that “captures a purely linguistic action and so possesses an eminent relationship to writing and writtenness.” Lawrence argues that for Gadamer viewing Scripture as an eminent text sees it as having a normativity that is equal to that of inspiration. Further, for Gadamer the eminent text involves an exceptional historical mode of being, the historical enactment of preservation, which allows something to be true. This means that in encountering the New Testament text we sense an “immediate and binding affinity” to a reality “that as past is at once unobtainable and presently relevant.” Gadamer argue that the Gospel speaks uniquely in history in a way that is appropriate to that time and place, which gives Scripture the character of
Jennifer Beatson, in the journal titled, “Christian Scholar's Review” Issue 34.1 of fall 2004, She reviews “The Word of God in English: Criteria for Excellence in Bible Translation” by Leland Ryken. Ryken cites the trends leading to a large growing of English Bible translations, and the need to evaluate their merits. One of his main criticisms is the dynamic equivalence used in practically all modern translations. He claims that these works, “(1) they lack literary excellence, and (2) they do not faithfully translate the original biblical texts (Beatson 134). He holds that only formal or word-for-word translations should be used because they hold true to the original text and author.
Since the 1600’s, Biblical writers, scholars, linguists and interpreters have concluded that the Bible was written by different people, with multiple revelations. The result is a compilation of stories that, in a written format, present the voice of God. The evidence for such a hypothesis is contained in the writing of Carr and Conway’s An Introduction to the Bible, as well as Richard Horsley’s In the Shadow of Empire. Both authors refer to source texts identifying “Yahwistic Sources (J) as a derivative form the German language, and (E) the “Elohistic Source derived from the divine name Elohim, which means ‘god’ in Hebrew” (Carr Pg. 165). The mystery of this name was often considered so
Even though the literature was written by different groups, they each had their own understanding and gave their own peculiar “spin” to the words that were common to all. We tend to believe all people share the same thoughts and have the same meanings for words; however, even though there is a common language, the way a word or phrase is used can be understood differently by a person from another group or sect. If one wants to learn about and understand a different culture, it is imperative a person learns the vernacular. Immersing one’s self in the different literature and comparing the way each group used a distinct “symbol” was eye-opening and helpful for understanding the context of our Apostolic Scriptures. Nonetheless, we believe our Scriptures are inspired and the final authority for our lives as believers; it is the Holy Spirit Who gives the proper interpretation of any symbols the AS shares with other literature. Be that as it may, seeing how other groups defined particular words was a genuinely helpful way to illumine one’s understanding and put matters into proper
his influence on drama reaches modern times. Aristophanes was a prolific and much acclaimed comic playwright of ancient Greece, sometimes referred to as the Father of Comedy. Eleven of his forty plays have come down to us virtually complete (along with up to with 1,000 brief fragments of other works), and are the only real examples we have of a genre of comic drama known as Old Comedy. Aristophanes’ works recreate the life of ancient Athens perhaps more convincingly than those of any other author, although his biting satire and ridicule of his contemporaries often came close to slander.
In the Apology written by Plato is an account of Socrates plead of defense for not recognizing the Gods that the state forces him to worship and honestly I realize back then you have to worship the god that they wanted you to worship but everyone should be able to worship who they want to worship so for them to make Socrates Apology for wrongly worshipping the Gods might make sense but silently I feel a lot of people worship their own gods but they’re not open about. Socrates states that he is an honest man and his witness was the god of Delphi but he tried and went around and asked poets craftsman if there was any one wiser than him but I feel if someone asked me that I would say no because it might be a little rude to say your dumb. He was
The Bible is the Holly Book, composed by many text from different authors. The number of texts in the bible depends to the version. The Bible has two main parts, the ancient and the new testament. The Psalms, which are the object of our research paper, belong to the ancient testament. The Norton Anthology world literature offers us the King James version of the psalms, which played a key role in the literature. For our assignment, we will explore the historical context that lead to the writing of psalm, the information about of the author, themes treated by the psalms and the significance of those psalms in the world’s literature.
In the poem “Judith,” Judith relies on the “Guardian of heaven” to give her the power to murder Holofernes (Judith 80). While she is in Holofernes’ tent, Judith asks god to give her “victory and true belief so [she] might cut down this bestower of torment with his sword” because she has “never had more need of [his] mercy than now” (Judith 89-92). She believed that god would help her murder Holofernes because of the terrible way he treated their people and she felt it was the right thing to do. After successfully beheading Holofernes, Judith is given his helmet and sword and says “thanks to the Lord of hosts, who had given her honour and glory in the kingdom of this earth, and also as her reward in heaven, the reward of victory in heaven’s glory, because she possessed true faith in the Almighty” (Judith 342-345).