Ch. 12 & 13 Dna & Protein Synthesis Project. By Anthony

In the early 1950s, the race to find the structure of DNA was in full swing. The search was being conducted at three different colleges. At the California Institute of Technology, Linus Pauling,

2. What role did James Watson & Francis Crick play in our understanding of DNA’s structure? They discovered the 3D structure.

Chapter 1: Genes can be demonstrated as “instruction books for making functional markers such as ribonucleic acid(RNA) and proteins”(Chapter 1, page 4). Distinctively, the four nitrogenous bases to code the gene of DNA is adenine, thymine, guanine, and cytosine. In addition, Rosalind Franklin was among the primitive people to experiment with X rays as a form of molecular photography in order to learn more about DNA and its structure. The structure of DNA taught a constitutional fact about genetics; it stated that the two strands of DNA were complementary to each other. Moreover, DNA replicates in order to make new sets of

Explain why DNA is so important to organisms (what does DNA do inside of a cell? If scientists figure out the structure of DNA, why would this be important for the health of the organism?)

The pictures were shown to James Watson and Francis Crick by Maurice Wilkins. They were then able to confirm their theory about the 3D structure of DNA. In 1962, they were awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for solving the structure of DNA. The Nobel committee could not award it to Franklin because the Nobel prize could only be shared by three people and also because she was already dead (DNA from the Beginning, 2011)

Leah Romero 04/25/2018 Lab Report Chem. 102L In lab 12, DNA Replication, RNA Transcription, and Protein Synthesis, the main purpose was to be able to understand the structure of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid (RNA) molecules as the way DNA replication is created. There were several different models done to understand transcription, translation, and protein synthesis.

In 1953 four scientists: James Watson, Francis Crick, Maurice Wilkins and Rosalind Franklin completed a DNA model which they created using observed X-ray diffraction patterns. This model showed how the structure of DNA was able to transmit genetic information from parents to their offspring.

In this essay, we will observe the structure of DNA, DNA replication and how scientist visualizes DNA. First off, DNA or deoxyribonucleic acid, resides in the nucleus of every living cell. DNA structure was understood more by Rosalind Franklin with the help of other biologists later on during the year, to describe the twisted ladder or double helix structure of DNA. It must go through a complex task called DNA replication to duplicate itself to form two identical DNA molecules. However, for us to visualize DNA with a naked eye, biologists use modern laboratory techniques that allow them to extract DNA from tissue samples.

DNA replication is described as semi-conservative. It is semi-conservative because the replication of one helix results in two daughter helices each of which contains one of the original parental helical strands. Furthermore, it is semi-conservative because the two new daughter DNA molecules are “half old” and “half new”; this means that half the original DNA molecule is saved, or conserved in the daughter DNA molecules.

From there the race was on to figure out how DNA was structured in the hopes of better understanding genetics. Many scientists wondered how such a small and simple molecule, especially compared to proteins, with such limited variation code store the instructions to make organisms as complex as us. At the beginning of this race a man by the name of Chargaff discovered something interesting about the nucleotides in DNA. He made a set of ratios that he notices in DNA from multiple organisms. Two scientists by the names of Rosalind Franklin and Maurice Wilkins also helped in the effort toward understanding DNA by amassing large amounts of X-ray diffraction data. These two clues helped Watson and Crick to eventually win the race in discovering the 3-D structure of DNA with their double helix model. Once DNA was found to be a double helix

Discovered in 1953, by James Watson and Francis Crick’s, DNA “The chemical that encodes instructions for building and replicating almost all living things” (pbs.org). Although these two great scientists made this great discovery it didn’t just come out the blue. In 1943, another scientist named Oswald Avery, proved what had been known as DNA. He stated that “DNA, a nucleic acid, carries genetic information, but no one knew how it worked” (pbs.org). Two other people that were of great help and contributed to the discovery of DNA were, Rosalind Franklin and Maurice Wilkins. They were both studying DNA and they used X-ray diffraction as their main tool. They used this method to make shadow picture out of it. Franklin was a very shy girl that liked to keep to herself. Without her

Hershey and Chase Radioactively tagged and then tracked infected bacteria in order to prove that DNA was in fact the molecule of heredity and transferring of genetic material

Rosalind Franklin’s work on DNA was crucial in discovering the composition of the human body as a whole. Her x-ray photo revealed a double helix structure and she also discovered the A and B form of DNA. She worked through the adversity of being a female in a predominately male dominated realm and made remarkable findings that were eventually stolen. She adapted to a new lab with antiquated technology. Before this discovery, the structure of DNA was thought to be simple. Scientist, Watson and Crick, started with the wrong structure of DNA from a misinterpretation of notes from one of Franklin’s presentations. Unlike Watson and Crick, Rosalind Franklin could explain DNA and how it worked.

In the 1950’s a scientists took the clearest picture of DNA as a spiral helix helping reveal its structure. Rosalind Elise Franklin was a female scientists specializing in x-ray crystallography. She learned x-ray diffracting techniques and took several pictures of crystalized DNA. During her era, no one had yet cracked its secret structure. She was responsible for making the DNA discovery in King’s College.

The process of DNA replication plays a crucial role in providing genetic continuity from one generation to the next. Knowledge of the structure of DNA began with the discovery of nucleic acids in 1869. In 1952, an accurate model of the DNA molecule was presented, thanks to the work of Rosalind Franklin, James Watson, and Francis Crick. To reproduce, a cell must copy and transmit its genetic information (DNA) to all of its progeny. To do so, DNA replicates following the process of semi-conservative replication. Two strands of DNA are obtained from one, having produced two daughter molecules that are identical to one another and to the parent molecule. This essay reviews the three stages