What is risk and why would you predict it?
Cardiovascular disease is one of the leading global causes for mortality and morbidity.1 Cardiovascular risk is a calculation that is performed to determine someone's absolute risk of having a cardiovascular event occur within the next ten years.1 Cardiovascular risk is determined using a number of independent cardiovascular risk factors (CVRF) which are then incorporated into a risk score and used to determine absolute risk.1-4 These CVRF are biological traits as well as behavioural traits such as age, lipid levels, blood pressure, smoking and blood sugar levels.1-4 Cardiovascular risk scores are most useful in determining the risk of an entire population as opposed to the risk of a specific individual.5 At this current point in time there are three methods for calculating risk namely risk charts, a non-laboratory-based risk calculation, and screening for subclinical cardiac disease.1
…show more content…
Pulse wave velocity (PWV) reflects arterial stiffness, or the rate at which pressure waves move down a vessel.6 It is currently considered the gold standard for calculating arterial stiffness due to its simplicity as well as accuracy and ease of reproducibility.7
PWV can be determined in different ways: PWV can be calculated using the equation: PWV = L/ΔT
If you measure the pulse transit time from the pressure waveforms at two sites along a vascular segment. The distance(L) is then taken and is divided by the wave foot-to-foot time(ΔT) taken for the forward wave to reach the end measuring point.7
PWV can also be calculated using the equation: PWV =√((Einc * h)/2rρ) where,7,8
Einc =the incremental elastic modulus of the vessel h = vessel wall
Abstract: Aristotle contributed greatly to the development of the human moralistic values by scripting the Nicomachean Ethics. This comprehensive book lays down the principles of virtuous behavior that can most certainly complete one's life while nurturing one's soul. In the thesis, we discuss the origin of the virtues and there relevance with respect to modern examples of real public figures.
Metabolic Rate Discussion The goal of this experiment was to observe the effects of energy drinks on metabolic rate. As seen in figure 1, the beverages increased the mice’s metabolic rate in all 3 treatment groups. The Full Throttle treatment produced the mice with the highest average oxygen consumption, which can be attested to the drinks high caffeine content. According to Energy Beverages LLC (2015), a 16 fl.
Introduction The heart is a complex organ which can yield much data to learn more about a person. The contraction of the heart is able to produce sounds indicating how and where the muscle is contracting. The heart produces a total of four sounds, with two of them being major sounds and the other two minor sounds. The first heart sound, S1, is produced by the closure of the atrioventricular valves and the opening of the semilunar valves at the beginning of the systole, producing the lub sound.
The pressure registering in the cuff at this point is taken as your systolic BP. The cuff is then slowly deflated further while listening over your artery. The tapping sounds become louder, then change to a dull whooshing noise before disappearing. The point at which blood can no longer be heard whooshing through the vessel is taken as your diastolic BP. The pulsing noise heard in the artery between these two pressures is a result of turbulence as the cuff impinges on the vessel and deforms its walls.
Year 8 Biology Systems Investigation Relationships between respiratory, cardiovascular and musculoskeletal systems during exercise Group members: Madison, Eva, Grace INTRODUCTION: This report will explore the impact that exercise (musculoskeletal system) has on a person’s heart rate (cardiovascular system) and breathing rate (respiratory system). It will then seek to explain the interconnections between these systems. As we already know the respiratory and cardiovascular system are linked through many ways, one of which is the way the respiratory system provides oxygen to the blood cells, and expels carbon dioxide from the passing cells.
Systolic pressure(SP) is the highest pressure reached in artery after ventricular systole; Diastolic pressure(DP) occurs during ventricular diastole and Pulse pressure(PP) is the difference between these two. Their physiological determinants are the ability of the ventricles to pump a large amount of the blood. So the greater the amount of blood pumped by the ventricles, i.e the greater the stroke volume, the higher the value of systolic pressure, hence pulse pressure increases. They will be determined by the capacity of the aorta to expand and hold the volume of blood from the ventricles, so its compliance. As the aorta expands to hold the blood from the ventricles, the pressure inside it will drop, hence the systolic pressure drops.
“Summer” by Julio Cortazar (literature, book report, Julio Cortazar) The imprisoned unuttered anger, or spiritual pain, is the major theme in Cortazar’s Summer. The reader does not know who these people, Mariano and Zulma, are and why they live here, among the hills, recollecting the eventful city life. They live together and all their days are tragically similar to each other until their neighbor Florencio asks to babysit his little daughter for one night while he is absent.
The purpose of this experiment was to compare the differences between the cardiovascular variables based on people who exercise on a regular basis as well as those who do not with the crucial end result to see how the effects of exercise can benefit cardiovascular health.
Stroke is a leading cause of fatalities worldwide, including New Zealand. Stroke Foundation of New Zealand estimates 2500 stroke-related fatalities occur annually, whereas the statistics worldwide are worse. A major stroke is sudden and mostly fatal, whereas minor stroke symptoms are primarily ignored. Artery blockage (Ischaemic stroke), artery rupture (Haemorrhagic stroke) are two types of strokes in which arterial health and properties play a vital role. Arterial stiffness is one such independent property which can be assessed by Pulse Wave Velocity (PWV). PWV can be measured at a few points where the artery is close to the skin surface, carotid artery in the neck is one of such points. As carotid artery is proximate to heart branching directly
The purpose of this lab was to allow students to understand how to conduct/examine a questionnaire and, from the information, infer if they are at high, medium, or low risk for coronary heart disease. Also, to use the information gathered from the questionnaire to suggest ways to improve ones health through lifestyle changes such as diet, exercise, or quit smoking. Knowing how to conduct this questionnaire will allow a physician to obtain as much information about the patient for them to maximize the patient’s safety and to prevent them from coronary heart disease.
Jacob should not involve himself with sexually explicit material in the form of movies, videos, magazines, books, telephone sex lines or computer sex.
In consideration of Nabokov's opinion on what makes someone a good reader, I am in complete agreeance with his views. Nabokov states that to be a good reader, one should have a temperament that is a combination of both the scientific and artistic mind. This corresponds with the three main facets and characteristics of a good writer - the storyteller, teacher and enchanter. The storyteller provides entertainment with " mental excitement of the simplest kind, for emotional participation", the teacher's purpose is for not only "moral education but for direct knowledge, [and] simple facts", and lastly, the enchanter, in which a writer's "individual magic of his genius and to study the style, the imagery, the pattern, the pattern of his novels or
The evidence that we have of diversity in the early Christian community is found in the diverse literary genres that were reflected in the writings of the New Testament and the diversity of the authors who followed Christ teachings. For example, evidence of diversity is identified in the letters of Paul written to Gentiles which promoted freedom from Mosaic law, whereas, the book of Matthew, written to Jews converting to Christianity, promoting an opposing stance of strict adherence to Mosaic law and heritage. All the while, other groups focused on the on Christ as a divine being. Further evidence of the diversity is reflected in early Christian writing can be found in the portrayal of Jesus in the "fifth gospel" of Thomas.
amount of pressure exerted on arterial walls in the patient’s heart. Blood pressure is measured in
Indeed, both authors agreed that propaganda is so effective because everybody is prone to it. Cross believe it is fundamental for the society to become knowledgeable about the strategies and practices of the propaganda “let us become informed about the methods and purposes of propaganda, so we can be the masters, not the slaves of our destiny.” (Cross 257). For example, the Vietnam war ended because people just went out and spoke against it. Even though, the government had overwhelmed propaganda for the war. And the people were able to turn the tie against the government desires.