Cardiovascular Health Model

32.8 participants with an event per 1000 patient-years; hazard ratio, 1.13; 95% CI, 0.99 to 1.28)

Strokes are commonly associated with old age, symptoms and awareness are often unnoticed in young adults due to ambiguity about strokes.

To illustrate this idea, an interesting fact is how there are more than one type of stroke. 85% of the time, a stroke would be caused by a blockage in the blood flow. The other 15% of the time will be from a haemorrhage, which is a blood clot. However, those aren't the only type. The ‘silent stroke’ is extremely difficult to predict as a silent stroke is a type of stroke that doesn't have many noticeable effects, but it causes the same amount of damage. They are quite common. With anyone who has experienced one, there is a high chance they’ll

Recently risk of CAD expanded to affects younger age causing serious consequences, so strategies to prevent CVDs should be applied (Mackay & Mensah 2004), (Sharma & Ganguly 2005).

From the data given we were able to construct table 3 where the Mean Mortality, Mortality Percentage and Probit were calculated.

included in the analysis. Time to event data will be based on death event and recurrence of tumor.

eligible for this act. With every disease other than cancer, it is virtually impossible to estimate life

Method: Based on the cohort study, the patients were followed for 8 years. The depended variable was determined gap times between recurrent events. The estimates, under the joint model of recurrent events risk and death of patient with spline functions, were determined. The analysis was done with R software.

Cardiovascular disease comprises the congestive heart failure, stroke, and coronary heart disease. These conditions have continued to be the major causes of morbidity and mortality in the United States of America today. The occurrence of cardiovascular diseases is influenced by various factors such as physical, political, environmental, and social factors (Kochanek, 2011). These factors entail access to quality and affordable health care services, affordability to healthy diets, conditions of work, physical exercises, community support, and access to education.

The causes of CVD can be seen through the sociocultural determinants (family, peers and media). These determinants of health priorities in Australia would have a great impact on people who would have a history of CVD. Also, people with cultural backgrounds, such as Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people, have a higher risk of CVD due to the fact of having a lower education status and a lower Socioeconomic Status (SES) . Individuals living in Middle Eastern countries would also have high rates in CVD due to their unhealthy diets such as eating foods with high amounts of saturated fats for e.g. oils. This means that the living conditions of an individual can determine the impact of one being affected with the

Atherosclerosis is commonly referred to as the principal cause of death in the developed world. Although deaths attributed to CVD have reduced significantly over the last 10 years, atherosclerosis is still one of the leading causes of mortality, both globally and in the UK. The World Health Organisation (2014) reports that CVD accounted for 17.5 million deaths in 2012. According to the Office for National Statistics (2013) circulatory diseases, including heart disease and strokes, were the cause of 28% of all deaths in England & Wales during the year 2013. Deaths due to atherosclerosis are expected to rise in the UK due to the rising elderly population and obesity epidemic, thus treatments that can reverse the atherosclerotic process will be of benefit to many millions of patients.

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is a global epidemic (WHO 2016). In 2012, The World Health Organisation (2016) estimated that 17.5 million deaths were caused by cardiovascular related diseases. In Australia, 45,000 deaths occurred in 2014 (AIHW 2016) and 4,300 Tasmanian deaths in 2010 (Tasmania Medicare Local Limited 2012). The major risk factors for developing cardiovascular disease include, tobacco exposure, physical inactivity and consumption of foods high in artificial trans fats. (World Heart Federation 2017). Risks of developing the disease can also be non-modifiable, such as living situations. Individuals living in low socioeconomic areas have been studied to have a higher association with cardiovascular disease than those

My results overall connclude that when it comes to CVD people should do their part to stay healthy. People have to take charge and be in control of their own actions. Some CVD is preventable but first people have to be willing to partake in preventative measures such as cut out the use of tobacco, or drink in moderation, and elect to eat more healthly. Subtle and consistent changes is what makes the difference and helps ad to the continuity of life.

“Inadequate measures for preventing, detecting, and controlling risk factors lead to first CVD events (e.g., heart attack, heart failure, stroke) from which many victims die suddenly, while others survive with a high risk for recurrence and often with disability.” –CVD Action Plan

The case fatality ration was defined as the proportion of deaths over the new cases in a period. It is expressed as a percentage and represents the risk of the CM.