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Capital as a Factor of Production and the Capital Theory Debates

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1.1. Capital as a factor of production and the capital theory debates
Beginning in the mid-1950s and for the following twenty years or so, a debate concerning the neoclassical treatment of capital turned apparent in the discipline. This gave rise to a series of exchanges between scholars associated with Cambridge, England, and Cambridge, Massachusetts, (US). This debate is broadly known in the literature as the ‘Cambridge capital theory controversies’.

The relevance of this controversy lies in that the criticisms of neoclassical theory raised by Cambridge (UK) concern both the theoretical illegitimacy of measuring ‘capital’ as a single magnitude in value terms to determine prices and distribution, and the foundational premise underlying the dominant supply and demand approach: the factor substitution principle. In the controversies it has been shown that this principle cannot in general be posited to explain the distribution of the social product in terms of supply and demand. This result, discovered by means of the analysis of the relation between prices and distribution in economies with heterogeneous capital goods, has been revealed as theoretically irrefutable, and, as this study will argue, concerns the hard core of the neoclassical or marginal theory both in its traditional (capital measured in value terms) and in its contemporary formulations (capital as a set of heterogeneous goods).

Capital as a single magnitude has been the treatment on which, under conditions

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