Brutal Rape Research Papers

This paper will examine, compare and contrast Eye Movement Desensitization Reprocessing (EMDR) and Cognitive Processing Therapy (CPT) in the case of Joe, a fictional client with post-traumatic stress disorder from two tours of combat duty as a Marine Corps sniper in the Middle East, without the use of psychotropic medications. EMDR uses side-to-side eye movements in a one-on-one session with a clinician while the client focuses on a distressing memory until he or she reports reduced symptomology or no psychological distress; the clinician then has the client think of positive thoughts while continuing the exercises. EMDR has been the target of debate over its effectiveness, with some scholars suggesting that it is the “rewiring” of the brain that is most beneficial. CPT is often used when other processes of recovery fail. Therapy, administered individually or in a group, initially focuses on misconstrued beliefs of denial and self-blame for the traumatic incident and then addresses beliefs the client has about himself and the world in general. CPT uses talk therapy and worksheets with the goal of the client learning to make sense of what happened and fit it in with the beliefs about themselves and others. Findings suggest that each therapy has its advantages and which is best depends on how responsive the client is to each mode and the therapeutic alliance between the client and therapist.

Rape in intimate relationships is deeply rooted in gender dynamics and power imbalances between them. She talks about how within marriage these things have been normalized, which has led to the absence of legal protection against the issue. The traditional belief, which has been reinforced by societal norms, is that husbands are entitled to access to their wives' complete bodies (Jackson, 2012). This has proven to be very controversial, making men think they can have what they want when they want, and putting women in a position that could be hard to get out of. Women were also put in an impossible situation where if this happened, they were unable to do anything legally about it.

EMDR is another evidence-based therapy for trauma including PTSD. EMDR is a comprehensive method that helps adaptive information processing, and it consists of eight phases to address and reprocess traumatic memories and relieve psychological stress. The eight components of EMDR comprise of “client history, preparation, assessment, desensitization, installation, body scan, closure, and reevaluation” (Shapiro & Laliotis, 2010). Researchers conduct studies and examine the efficiency of EMDR for trauma treatment. According to Francine Shapiro (2014), the article stated that all randomized studies and clinical reports associated with EMDR therapy for psychological and somatic disorders are reviewed, and components of EMDR are evaluated as well, the evidences showed that EMDR is beneficial for improvement of negative emotions, beliefs, and physical sensations resulted from adverse life experiences. Similarly, researchers recruited 36

According to Sharf, (2008) the eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) was designed to treat posttraumatic stress disorder. EMDR requires that the clients visualize an upsetting memory and accompanying physical sensations. The clients repeat negative self-statements that they associate with the scene. The procedure is repeated again and again until the client’s anxiety is reduced. EMDR focuses on desensitizing strong emotional reasons in clients and help them to reframe their belief systems to accommodate new emotional states (Sharf, 2008).

Today’s society is full of insane and demented human beings who don’t seem to know right from wrong. A lot of people suffer because of this, especially college students. Simple assault, abduction, and rape are three crimes that have been on the rise throughout college campuses all over the United States. From 2008 to 2012 forcible rape increased by forty-nine percent in four-year colleges. It jumped from 2,370 to 3,621 in a matter of four years (Shapiro). We as individuals have the ability to help keep ourselves safe from these kinds of people. We are provided with a variety of resources and information including forms of personal protection, body strength, and safety in numbers. The problem is we are not utilizing these to the best of our ability. I know we all think that we are invincible and nothing terrible could happen to us, but the reality is, it can.

Many people think moderate drinking is perfectly safe. It feels good and, most of the time, a drink or two seems to not cause any obvious, immediate harm. Surely, this is fine? However, this is not necessarily true. It is increasingly becoming clear that even small amounts of alcohol can be harmful.

This notion can be found throughout history, embedded in cultures around the world. The Ancient Greeks had a common theme of the rape of women or young children in their myths, especially when committed by Zeus, the god of gods. In the early history of Rome, there was the Rape of the Sabine Women, dating back to 750 BC, when Romulus and his men abducted the Sabine women to be their wives. In the ancient Christian empire, rape was defined not as a human violation, but as a public defense. Women, if they consented, were to be burned alive for their crimes, and if they didn’t, were to be, under law, disinherited. For much of American history, white slave owners owned the bodies of their slaves and wives. Slave owners would buy slaves explicitly for the reason of owning their bodies. Although considered taboo, rape has, for centuries, been used to to take from one and give to another through force and

“Trauma is defined as "anything that has happened to you that changed the way you feel about yourself or about your 'place ' and safety in the world” (FIX). For many years, people have been using Cognitive Behavior Therapy and other kinds of exposure therapy to treat conditions such as Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD), anxiety, depression, schizophrenia, and psychosis. People who find events or memories that disable the ability to enjoy everyday life are starting to use exposure therapy. Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) is an effective exposure therapy that has been used for many years to help a patient remove painful thought and to deal with physical, mental, and emotional conflicts .

Treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder is possible. The current treatment of PTSD encompasses several types of psychotherapy combined with a medication regimen. Cognitive therapy is one type of therapy used to combat PTSD. The goal of cognitive therapy is to allow the patient to slowly experience feelings, thoughts, and events associated with the trauma in a controlled setting. This allows the PTSD sufferer, to categorize the traumatic feelings associated with the event and assign a more positive meaning to them. Thus providing a coping mechanism. Another school of thought places the therapeutic focus on gradually exposing the PTSD sufferer to elements of the trauma. The goal is to desensitize the patient to the traumatic event. This allows the patient to resume a normal life. One other form of therapy used in treatment of PTSD is EMDR. EMDR or Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing is a form of exposure therapy that places the emphasis on guided eye movements. The theory is that the movements help retrain how the brain reacts to memories of the traumatic event. Success has

This therapy involves a combination of non-trauma focused therapy, eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR), and exposure therapy. The non-trauma portion of this therapy does not address the underlying traumatic event that caused the PTSD, but teaches the use of relaxation techniques and involves non-directive counseling. The EMDR therapy involves the military personnel identifying a traumatic memory and discussing a negative or positive thought related to that memory. The therapist then would move an object, back and forth, in front of the patient’s eyes, while focusing on the negative memory. The procedure would continue until the positive thoughts related to that memory, increased and the negative decreased (Burke et al., 2009). The exposure therapy takes place in a controlled environment and involves the gradual exposure to a replica of the stimuli, which triggered a negative reaction. Some of the creative exposure techniques being utilized involve computer technology and have proven to be both practical and effective (Burke et al.,

EMDR was introduced into the field of psychology by a psychologist named Shapiro (Shapiro, 2007). Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) is a recent psychotherapy treatment that has slowly began to be used increasingly more. Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing begins with the therapist meeting with the client. They will assess the client and the client’s goals. EMDR is often used with people who have suffered a traumatic event or have PTSD (GoodTherapy.org, n.d.). The goal of EMDR then, is to asses what stressor the client suffers and to use the treatment to alleviate the trauma. The client and therapist will go over the memory of the event, discussing triggers and

Feminist scholarship has argued that rape ideology encourages and justifies sexual coercion, trivializes sexual violence and demeans and devalues women who have experienced sexual assault. The foundation of this argument is based on women's experiences in patriarchal societies. Due to the fact that

Sexual assault and rape has always been a social and public issue in the United States. A majority of the time, women become the victims, while men become the perpetrators. National surveys in the United States show that one in six women has experienced an attempted or completed rape. Consent appears to be a critical factor in determining whether assault or rape has taken place. Women have a higher chance of being raped by who they are acquainted with rather than strangers.

Sexual assault and rape are on-going issues plaguing college campuses all across the nation. In part, I believe this is due to a lack of education on what sexual assault actually is. All too often, victims are leaving these situations feeling confused about something that they will forever deem "a weird night". It often isn't until much later that they realize what happened to them was a violation of their body and of their rights.

People believe a woman is more likely to claim they’re victims of rape by their spouse because women are stereotyped as excessively emotional. The stereotype that women are constantly emotionally unstable, especially in relationships is false. Anyone is able to decide if they want to give consent to their partner to have sexual relations whether they’re emotional or not. Labeling a woman as “snippy” as David Wise did, isn’t a reason to rape someone who refuses to give consent, as any other reason imaginable (McLaughlin). The thought that being a “good” spouse is to have sexual relations whenever a spouse desires is alarmingly popular throughout history and even in today’s