Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD)

Borderline Personality Disorder is named borderline personality disorder because at one point in history they considered this disorder to be on the “borderline” between neurosis and psychosis. Borderline personality disorder is a severe mental disorder that impacts an individual’s behavior, relationships, and mood. The disorder usually begins during adolescence or young adulthood. People with BPD have a tendency of rapid change in attitude or feelings toward others because they cannot regulate them well. Individuals with BPD may find it difficult in to hold on to a relationship due to the quick anger and negative feelings. People with BPD often fall into impulsive and potential self-harming incidents. These events could include partaking in substance abuse, gambling, reckless speeding and driving, and undiscerning sexual activity. Any acts of this kind could damage an individual’s potential future of help and a life at all. People with BPD have challenges in staying faithful to what they believe in regarding their values. This may also affect education and career choices. Individuals with BPD may lack the understanding of their sense of self and obtaining a positive self-esteem. With that being said, BPD has the potential impact on someone to participate in self-harming actions. Self-harm could include various behaviors like cutting, burning, or punching. These behaviors consist of harming themselves, but disregard the intentions of killing themselves. According to the

Borderline personality disorder was used to diagnose clients who didn’t fit into commonly diagnosed disorders. “The term ‘borderline’

Before Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD) was clearly defined, it was called a “wastebasket” disorder. This meant a patient could be diagnosed with it if they didn’t fit clearly within another certain diagnosis. BPD was often confused with schizophrenia, non-schizophrenic psychoses, and anxiety and depressive disorders. This disorder was commonly said to respond poorly, if not at all, to treatment. Today mental health professionals have proved this remark false. Unfortunately though, BPD is still held under this stigma and is frequently thought to be “untreatable.” According to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition, BPD is a personality disorder, or Axis

Predisposing factors: Borderline personality disorder is a disorder that is characterized by a persons impulsive and/ reckless behavior, poor self-image, self-injury, emotional fluctuations, unstable relationships. There are links that suggest it could be caused by genetic and environmental factors, but it is still being studied. A person that is part of a community or culture with unstable upbringing can increase the risk for this disorder (National Institute of Mental Health, 2014). A childhood with physical and sexual abuse was often linked to people with BPD. It was more-so found to be linked with any neglect as a child (Am J Psychiatry, 1997 ). 6 to 10 million people are affected by borderline personality disorder. 75-90% of people with BPD are women (Borderline Personality Resource Center, 2012).

Borderline personality disorder (BPD) is characterized by difficulties in regulating emotion. This difficulty leads to severe, unstable mood swings, impulsivity and instability, poor self-image, and troubled personal relationships. When Adolf Stern first coined the term "border line" in 1938, he used it to describe outpatients that did not fall into the standard classification system used in the psychiatric profession. Patients with this disorder had what he determined as, “associative thinking, disturbances of reality testing, pervasive anger, and shallowness of effect.” Borderline patients were also describes as having a less severe form schizophrenia. In 1942, psychologist Helene Deutsch described a group of patients lacking a consistent sense of identity without a source of inner direction. She created the term “As-If Personalities,” as the patients completely identified with those people upon whom they were dependent. Melitta Schmideberg first described Borderline Personality Disorder in 1959 as a disorder of character. These afflicted individuals experience intense emotional dysregulation, fear of abandonment, and hopelessness within interpersonal relationships. Fortunately, there is much research available about this particular personality disorder and help is available through both psychotherapy and medicinal therapies. This paper will discuss the diagnosis and its symptoms as well as efficacious and evidence-based treatment. It will also discuss the Biblical

The Revised Diagnostic Interview for Borderlines (DIB-R) was designed to reliably diagnose Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD). It is not a global diagnostic assessment. Rather, the purpose of the DIB-R is to distinguish Borderline Personality Disorder from other clinical diagnoses (Gunderson, Kolb, & Austin, 1981).

Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD) is characterized by fluctuation of self-image, lack of stable interpersonal relationships and pronounced and unpredictable impulsivity. The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders 5 (2013) also lists fear of abandonment, suicidal or self-harming behaviors, intense or inappropriate anger that is difficult to control as well as paranoid ideation or dissociative symptoms. Morcos and Morcos (2016) wrote that patients with BPD are often misdiagnosed with other trauma related disorders, such as PTSD, depression or bipolar disorder. According to Beatson, et al. (2016) there are additional issues in diagnosing older patients, as the criteria indicates that symptoms would have been seen early in the patient’s life, not later. Beatson, et al. (2016) also noted that there is a considerable lack of studies and literature concerning BPD in older patients, making the diagnostic process more difficult. In this case study we will be working with an older patient, one that was well into midlife before Borderline Personality Disorder was included in the DSM, to see if she fits the criteria for BPD and what treatment options might be available.

Though many mental disorders are household names, such as depression or bipolar disorder, many are not nearly as widespread or recognized by today’s society. One of the these lesser-known disorders is Borderline Personality Disorder. Called BPD for short, this disorder is characterized by emotional and functional instability. Mood swings and problems maintaining social and familial relationships are quite common. The intent of this write up is to use three different works about BPD to gain a better understanding of how BPD is represented in different types of media, with emphasis on content, style, and structure.

The history of BPD can be traced back to 1938 when Adolph Stern first described the symptoms of the disorder as neither being psychotic nor psychoneurotic; hence, the term ‘borderline’ was introduced (National Collaborating Centre for Mental Health, 2009, p. 15). Then in 1960, Otto Kernberg coined the term ‘borderline personality organization’ to describe persistent patterns of behavior and functioning consisting of instability, and distressed psychological self-organization (National Collaborating Centre for Mental Health, 2009, p. 15).

According to Robert Friedel (2011) the first descriptions of people who were presenting with symptoms of Borderline Personality Disorder were mentioned in medical reports 3000 years ago. However it was not until 1938 that the disease was categorized and identified. An American psychoanalyst named Adolph Stern first described most of the symptoms and suggested the possible causes and reasons Borderline Personality Disorder develops, as well as his opinion of the most effective forms of treatment. He eventually named the disorder by referring to patients with the symptoms he described as “the border line group.” (Friedel, 2011)

“What does borderline personality mean, anyhow? It appears to be a way station between neurosis and psychosis: a fractured but not disassembled psyche. Though to quote my post-Melvin psychiatrist: "It 's what they call people whose lifestyles bother them,” (Kaysen, 2014). Borderline personality disorder is a very serious mental health disorder and it has been around for many years. It is, like the quote says above, people whose lifestyles bother them. They don’t have a lot of control over a lot of the emotions that they experience and it can be very harmful to the person.

Since its discovery in the 1930’s, psychologists around the world have been trying to decipher the Borderline’s enigmatic condition. The term “Borderline,” coined by Adolph Stern in 1938 (Optimum Performance Institute), refers to the behavior exhibited by these patients who are on the borderline between neurosis and psychosis. The oscillating nature and unknown concrete cause of this disorder makes it difficult to treat. Due to this, Borderline Personality Disorder, or BPD, has become one of the most controversial disorders to work with in the psychiatric community. Often time Borderline patients are avoided entirely, or written off as hopeless due to their repetitive tendencies and inability to learn from their mistakes (Kreisman, 5).

Throughout the film “Silver Linings Playbook” Tiffany acts as a foil for Pat. Tiffany has been on many different medications and seen many counselors since the death of her husband. The audience is never told exactly what Tiffany has been diagnosed with. It is probable, based on the information given about Tiffany that she has Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD). According to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) (Diagnostics and Statistics Manual of Mental Disorders: DSM-5.,2013, p.663), Borderline Personality Disorder is “A pervasive pattern of instability of interpersonal relationships, self-image, and affects, and marked impulsivity, beginning by early adulthood and present in a variety of contexts”. To be diagnosed with BPD you must meet five out of nine criterion. The nine criterion or symptoms

Borderline personality disorder "is defined in the DSM IV, a manual used by psychiatrists to diagnose all mental disorders, as an AXIS II disorder which has symptoms of impulsively and emotional dysregulation" (Livesley 146). A person with BPD have feelings of abandonment and emptiness, and have "frantic efforts to avoid abandonment, going to extremes to keep someone from leaving" (Burger 300). He or she is emotionally unstable and forms intense but unstable interpersonal relationships. They show impulsive behavior, such as spending money, sex, eating and substance abuse. Borderlines engage in self-manipulating behaviors and recurrent suicide attempts and thoughts.

Borderline personality disorder (BPD) is a severe Axis 2 mental illness distinguished by a common pattern of mental impulsivity, interpersonal dysfunction, disrupted self-image, and self-harming behaviours (Chanen & Kaess, 2012; Leichsenring, Leibing, Kruse, New & Leweke, 2011). Between 0.7% and 2.7% of the population suffer from BPD, and 70% of BPD sufferers are reported to be female (Bateman, & Krawitz, 2013; Coid et al., 2006; Grant et al., 2008). Whilst BPD is predominantly seen as a disorder of the female gender, it is suspected that males are grossly underrepresented as male BPD sufferers are often found in substance rehabilitation facilities as well as in the prison system (Grant et al., 2008). It is also understood that due to the often comorbid nature of BPD, its symptoms are most often exacerbated by the presence of other mental illnesses (Commonly Axis 1 disorders) such as depression, anxiety, and substance abuse (Bateman, & Krawitz, 2013).