Black Sigatoka of banana and plantain caused by Mycosphaerella fijiensis
History and distribution of the disease
The Sigatoka disease complex currently comprises three organisms: Mycosphaerella fijiensis M. Morelet, M. musicola R. Leach ex J.L. Mulder, and M. eumusae Crous & Mour. The first species identified was M. musicola in Indonesia in 1902 (Jones 2000) causing the yellow Sigatoka; since then it is present in most banana-growing regions, and it has been a problem in high altitudes and cool temperatures (Mouliom-Pefoura et al., 1996). Mycosphaerella fijiensis, the black Sigatoka or black leaf streak, was first reported on the island of Fiji in 1963, even though isolates were more diverse in the Papua New Guinea – Philippines region indicating the center of origin of this pathogen (Stover, 1978). In less than two decades since it was discovered it had spread out to Central America; nowadays it is distributed worldwide causing significant damage in high and low altitudes (Agrios, 2005). Interestingly, it competed successfully with M. musicola causing its replacement (Carlier et al., 2000). M. fijiensis has been shown to be more virulent then M. musicola due to develop symptoms more rapidly (Ploetz et al., 2003). Other reasons for the displacement of M. musicola involve more sexual cycles per year and higher ascospore production (Strover, 1980).
In the 1990s, M. eumusae was discovered and it seems to be a close relative to the two species described above. The
Australopithecus Boisei: Similar to the A. Aethiopicus in terms of the upper shape with the vertical line of bone
Shameeka Patterson was born May 15, 1980 at the St. John's Episcopal Hospital in Brooklyn, New York. She was born to Leelah Patterson and Andre Flyod they was both in Brooklyn , New York. Shameeka has four siblings one sibling from her mother side Ellatasia, three siblings from her father side Darius, Calamity, and LaPrinca. Shameeka is the oldest from all of her siblings. In 1984 she attended her first elementary school at P.S. 25 Eubie Blake school located in Brooklyn, New York that school was great for her she had did very well always had great grades and perfect attendance. In 1989 Shameeka and her sister Ellatasia both got taken away from their home because their mother had abandoned them with nothing to
There are twelve species within the same genus and have subtle variations in physical appearances, all living in freshwater, but due
The film opened with Mona doing a model shoot. She was listening to her demanding white photographer ordering her to have more provocative looks. This Mona, has conformed into the white supremacy, adapting preconscious beliefs, abstract to black culture, and stubborn towards black ideas. Mona had no connection to her inner being and had little insight on who she really was. While continuing to capture photos, Mona and her photographer decides to capture near the Fortress. She becomes distracted by a drummer who leads her inside of the Fortress. Mona is now suddenly locked in a dark room. When she does find light, she noticed that she is surrounded by other Africans who were bound and shackled
Species: P. tigris, the organism who lives in a forest and is covered wiht blackstrip fur.
On the first day of our investigation, we received our organism suspended in a nutrient broth. Our instructions were to perform biochemical tests and techniques to determine identity of unknown organism by consulting Bergey’s Manual. We
C. testudinaria is well adapted to exist on the back of sea turtles, the walls are thickened and the
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The purpose of this study is to identify four unknown organisms. The unknown organisms have been assigned randomly to six-research groups by Professor Hoffman. Each research group was provided two eukaryotes and two prokaryotes. The unknown organisms will fall into the following classifications: bacteria, algae, fungi, or protozoans. All living organisms are organized into one of three domains of life, Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya.
One of the most fundamental philosophies of the samurai is that of detachment from the self. This detachment allows for a freedom from fear, which is essential to the samurai warriors. In the opening of Hagakure, Tsunetomo states that “the Way of the Samurai is found in death”. These rank among the greatest and most well known phrases in Japanese history, and in fact in the history of the world. Death is not to be feared by the samurai, it is to be embraced. The relationship between the samurai and his master is of the utmost importance, and only through detachment can the samurai fully and properly serve his master. These are two core, fundamental philosophies of bushido, and both can are reminiscent of similar ideologies in Buddhism,
the genus Uca .They are named “fiddler” because the male holds one claw, always much larger
Italian producers of Italian hard cheese Grana Padano have started legal proceedings against long-running US soap-opera 'The Brave and the Beautiful' after their product was the butt of a joke in a scene broadcast last year.
Within all sectors of private industry, from product manufacturing to food service, the human element creates a natural level of error, and thus the need to prevent incorrect operation of an interactive system has become paramount for every large company or corporation. Every operational process engaged in by a person, whether a worker or a customer, presents an array of opportunities for that person to commit avoidable mistakes which nullify the operation's beneficial potential. By designing a product or mass production system in such a way that these mistakes cannot be made, or essentially "fool-proofing" something so that it can only be used correctly, it is possible to reduce or eliminate entirely the type of errors which can cumulatively cost companies millions of dollars per year. The Japanese have perfected this concept of specifically engineered fail-safes through the widespread use of Poka-Yoke, a term which is "translated as 'resistance to errors' by avoiding (yoker) errors resulting from inattention (poka)" (Dudek-Burlikowska & Szewieczek, 2009). By recognizing the potential for defects in the performance of any process, and consciously redesigning that process in such a way as to remove the chance of that error occurring, it is possible to create systems that can only be operated in the intended fashion. The underlying philosophy and methodology of Poka-Yoke "was introduced by Dr. Shigeo Shingo in 1961 "¦ one of the engineers for Toyota Motor Corporation "¦ to
It has a wide distribution range and is generally found in banana growing areas. In the African region, it has been reported from the Canary Islands (de Guiran and Vilardebo, 1962), Kenya (Prasad et al., 1995), Tanzania (Walker et al., 1983), Uganda (Machon et Hunt, 1985) and Rwanda (Gaidashova et al., 2003). In Ethiopia, it has previously been reported as a serious parasite of ensete (Bogale et al., 2004). The morpho- metrics of our specimens agree well with the original and various other descriptions of the species (Sher et Allen, 1953).
The Scotland of the East, Shillong hosted its first Hero I League game of the 2017 season as they hosted newbies Gokulam Kerala FC. With new broadcasters, revised foreigner rules and 8pm kick offs, the fans have plenty to look forward to this season with a host of new players and new teams also making in roads into the league.