Birth Trauma: in the Eye of the Beholder Critique

To ensure the proposed study is academically, professionally, and ethically sound, researchers shall complete a risk assessment on the proposed method (participants, materials and design) of the study. This risk assessment will form the basis of the application to Swinburne University’s Research Ethics Office for ethical review. This application will address the risks identified with the participants used, including recruitment and informed consent, as well as data and publication arrangements.

There were numerous powerful testimonies and striking findings noted throughout the and first two chapters of the book Birth Matters by Ina May Gaskin. As a health care provider, and therefore someone who is entrusted to care for individuals during their most private and sacred times, I found Gaskin’s statements regarding the environment and care surrounding birth experiences very impactful. According to Gaskin (2011), the “women’s perceptions about their bodies and their babies’ capabilities will be deeply influenced by the care they recieve around the time of birth” (p. 22). The statements made by Gaskin in Birth Matters not only ring true, but inspires one

Ethical Considerations: This study was reviewed and approved by La Salle University Institutional Review Board.  Furthermore, the researchers clearly specified how informed consent and confidentiality was handled in the field of study.  “Participants in the study received a written

Historically perinatal loss such as stillborn is rarely a topic of discussion. (Avelin, Erlandsson, Hildingsson, & Rådestad, 2011). Stillborn loss was not viewed as an problem, and was expected for mothers to forget about the baby, and have another one, while siblings were told to forget about the baby and not talk about the loss (Avelin et al., 2011). Perinatal loss responses can be vary widely as it covers variety of loss from pregnancy to birth within a few weeks, but most often it is an unexpected loss for many families who typically do not know what to do, what to expect and how to handle grief (O’leary & Warland, 2013). Furthermore, there is very little information on Stillbirth experiences especially about men who lose their child(Bonnette & Broom, 2012). Experiencing the loss of a child can be very difficult and often complicate grief which can affect parents social well being (Kersting & Wagner, 2012). In pregnancies that follows a loss such as perinatal loss, it has been found that parents experience high levels of psychological distress, anxiety, depression and post-traumatic stress. (O’leary & Warland, 2013; Kersting & Wagner, 2012)

Qualitative Research offers participants to be evaluated in depth along with open-ended questions that can be directed or generated in real time, as the conversation develops. Additionally, the direction of the research could be adjusted and revised as findings emerge. Selecting a qualitative research design would provide immense detail and provide an understanding of peoples experiences of the traumatic events. A qualitative approach would help establish patterns and change as well as assist in determining idiographic causation with the research interest. However, because the research would produce extensive data; interpretation, transcribing, and analysis would be time-consuming. Additionally, because of the open ended questions and the research being dependent on the researchers skills, participants as well as results may be influenced by research biases or researchers may influence the subjects responses. Likewise, the data collection would take an extended time, given the possible depth of each participants interview. Qualitative approaches additionally produce less generalizable results, and findings might not generalizable to people outside of the sample.

This study will not be anonymous as it requires us to collect names for the purpose of completing this research. For the purpose of this study, information will remain confidential. To ensure confidentiality, Non-involving persons or agencies will not have access to information collected to ensure confidentiality.

Pregnant women who have been sexually abused as children need to be assessed during pregnancy to make sure they are at their healthiest, which includes psychologically, physically, and emotionally. Healthcare workers should assess the women for any concerns they may have about their past issues with sexual abuse. Their past is affecting their present state of well-being. Women who have been abused as children are less likely to take care of themselves for fear of pain or being in the presence of a gynecological

In different studies such as Elsevier Editorial System (tm) for Midwifery Manuscript Draft by Rhonda Joy Boorman has shown that recent research in Australia found that 45.5% of women birthing are seemingly to report childbearing as traumatic (Alcorn et al., 2010), resulting in a projected 135,000 Australian women annually self-rating parturition as traumatic. Experiencing a traumatic birth could negatively impact on a woman's emotional

To best comprehend human life from conception to death, it is important to have an understanding of the foundations of human development. A persons’ origin and obstacles endured during early life are important building blocks that shape where they are headed. This key factor better allows therapists to assist in helping an individual learn and obtain a better grasp on their developing lifespan from beginning to end. The focus for this paper will deal with the relationship between the pregnant mother and her fetus. It will be a reflection on how she responds to life stressors and how they can help or hinder the prenatal development of the fetus in the womb and thereafter.

The objective of this paper is to look at the trauma that young girls experience when faced with an unplanned pregnancy. Not only does pregnancy physically take a toll on a woman’s body, but also being pregnant under the age of 19 with a shaken view of the future can significantly heighten depression, anxiety, and stress for the mother and the baby. This paper aims to highlight the effects of these types of trauma within pregnancy, the most effective forms of treatment, and the influences that these types of trauma would have on the pregnancy itself without the intervention that will later be discussed in depth. The cycle of young motherhood that is often passed from generation to generation will be looked at along with the effects of unplanned pregnancy on the child’s life. A case study describing a 19-year-old girl facing an unplanned pregnancy will help provide a picture for treatment and therapy. Keywords: unplanned pregnancy, trauma in-utero, maternal depression.

Childhood trauma is one of the most heartbreaking situations to ever fathom happening. Childhood trauma includes neglect, maltreatment, physical and emotional abuse, and many other forms of mistreatment amongst children. Childhood trauma occurs between the ages of 0 and 6 years of age. When referencing to childhood trauma, one must take thought into who commits the abuse, who is affected by the abuse, and what long term effects can the abuse have on the victims. One must also take into consideration the sex differences when referring to childhood trauma. Numerous of studies have been conducted and many findings have been made. Prior to conducting this research paper, I only considered childhood trauma to be what it was and never considered the long term effects. Because of my assumption, I never even considered the other categories of the trauma.

The theory I selected to apply to the above situation is the Birth Territory theory. This theory was created from empirical data collected by the authors who serve as both midwives and researchers. It has a critical post-structural feminist undertone and elaborates on the ideas of Michel Foucault. The Birth Territory theory predicts and elaborates on the relationships between jurisdiction (use of authority and influence), terrain (the birthing environment), and personal emotional and physiological experience by the mother. This nurse-midwifery theory was chosen because both of the major concepts directly correlate with the incident and are critical aspects of labor and delivery situations. MAYBE ELABORATE A diagram of the Birth Territory theory can be seen in Appendix A.

The evolving aspects of what amounts to Trauma presents a complex situation to all the stakeholders involved. New elements are being added to the definition of Trauma. Traditionally, trauma was described as any event that could not be predicted. In addition to the difficulty in prediction, the event had to be overwhelming and prolonged. The event always takes the orientation of imminent danger that may or may not occur. This event can occur to any person at any age. For this reason, definition of trauma keeps on evolving as per the dynamics that keep affecting human life. It also can manifest itself on either emotional or psychological approaches. Despite the complexity surrounding the definition of trauma, it can generally be described as either the emotional or psychological response an individual has over a certain happening which is negative in nature. This response results to devastating effects if not tamed early enough. However, if some has become a victim of trauma, treatment needs to follow immediately. This stems from the fact that nearly all types of trauma can be treated.

In this study 30 postgraduate students and staff were recruited opportunistically to take part in this study. An information sheet was distributed prior to the experiment detailing background information of the study and relevant ethical guidelines such their right to withdraw and confidentiality was taken into account as pseudonyms were used.

Have you ever felt as if you were trapped in a terrible nightmare that you could not wake up from? A nightmare that was so real it literally scared you to death? You are asleep, dreaming, and then all of the sudden vivid images of losing a baby occur over and over again. PTSD from miscarriages is something people rarely hear about, but it is very real and this paper will open your eyes to the different causes and treatments of PTSD, some misconceptions about miscarriages, and an interview with a mother who has miscarried in the past.