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Biblical Allusion in Joyce Carol Oates' Story "Where are You Going? Where Have You Been?"

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Joyce Carol Oates' short story "Where are you going? Where have you been?" 'runneth over' with Biblical allusion and symbolism. The symbols of Arnold Friend, his disguise, and the music that runs through the story contribute to an overall feeling of devilishness, deception, and unease. The depiction of Arnold Friend runs parallel to the common conception of the Devil. Many aspects of his outward appearance, as well as his behavior, contribute to this by portraying him in a sinister manner. His nose is "long and hawklike" and he has a "slippery smile." His "greasy" boots don't fit him right, "as if his feet [don't] go all the way down." The stereotypical Beelzebub is often seen with hooves. When he draws 'his sign' – the sinister letter X …show more content…

The color gold has connotations of vanity and greed – two deadly sins. Writing, a "secret code," appears on Arnold's car: the numbers 33, 19, and 17. They refer to a verse of the Bible, verse 19:17 of the 33rd book, Judges. Oates reinforces the Biblical comparison of Arnold as the Devil by referring to this verse: "When he looked and saw the traveler in the city square, the old man asked, 'Where are you going? Where did you come from?'" The phrase on his car, "Done by a crazy woman driver," is something that would make a child laugh. The other phrase painted on Arnold's car, "Man the flying saucers," is referred to as being 'used by kids the year before (Also, the phrase can be decoded to spell out 'HESATANLUCIFER' meaning another devil reference).' Arnold's car is an important part of his disguise: he tries to appeal to the younger generation, as if he makes a habit of preying on them. But, he falls short, and his disguise appears awkward before it finally breaks down. The reader feels more tension as he progresses through the story and comes upon these pieces of Arnold's Devilish – albeit oftentimes poorly constructed – disguise. Arnold Friend's façade gives the reader the feeling that something is wrong, as if Oates were trying to persuade Connie away from her impending doom. When Arnold first pulls into Connie's driveway, the reader is alarmed. Connie notices that he is actually much older than he appears and the reader knows that

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