Balfour Declaration

During World War I, the Ottoman Empire began to crumble, with skirmishes breaking out throughout the Middle East. During this turbulent time, Great Britain saw an opportunity to take advantage of Arabs as well as the land that they controlled. In some cases, their policies and treaties actually aimed to help specific groups like when they drew up the Balfour Declaration, supporting the Jews receiving Palestine as a sacred land. However, some of the documents drawn up during this period were disguised as giving aid to Arabs while the British used the treaties to gain political influence in Arabia.

When Harry Truman became President, the last thing on his mind was creating a viable solution to the conflict between the Israelis and the Palestinians. WW II had not ended in Europe, the world's first nuclear weapon was being created, and tensions were rising with the Cold War. In addition to these developing problems, few around the world saw what would be the longest lasting conflict of them all. It was this problem that Truman ultimately failed at resolving. Right before the end of World War I, Britain passed what soon to be called the Balfour Declaration. It was this document that would stir up trouble for decades to come. Right before the start of World War II, the League of Nations entrusted Britain with the Mandate of Palestine.After

Britain began to support Jewish immigration to the area because of a few key reasons. Foremost was the destruction of enemies and gaining of allies. Britain looked to help the Arabs establish independent states as a way to gain support against the Ottomans (Immell 16). Britain also wanted to assist the Jews in their transition to Palestine because it felt Russia would be grateful for such a maneuver with its own population (17). Of course, Britain didn’t want to make new enemies in this process. They decided to stay as neutral as possible, doing so through the Balfour Declaration, issued in 1917. This document encouraged a Jewish homeland in Palestine without being a detriment to the rights of Arabs in the region – a clever but difficult balance between both sides (Immell 17). As many politicians discover, it was because of Britain’s awkward, double-edged stance that it found it to be a struggle to support both sides. Instead of focusing on both at the same time, Britain bounced from interest to interest, shifting its focus by favoring both sides at different times (Immell 19). Thus Great Britain’s investment in the affairs of Palestine declined.

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The first reading was about the origins of Zionism, and it was a portion of Theodor Herzl’s pamphlet discussing the importance of and the benefits of establishing a Jewish state. Written in the late 19th century, it was clear from the pamphlet that anti-Semitism had been a problem in Europe for centuries, and this was Herzl’s solution to that problem. This is significant because it displayed the reasons behind Zionism and the Jewish population’s feelings about constantly facing discrimination in Europe.

This was a result of the Balfour declaration, which promised a homeland to the Jews and vowed to protect the rights of non-Jewish people in Palestine. While Britain kept control over Palestine, remaining states such as Jordan, Iraq, Lebanon and Syria gained independence. The Balfour declaration essentially triggered a Zionist movement and encouraged Jews to migrate to Israel – altering the demographics of Palestine, as Arabs had previously been the majority population. As conflict between the Arab and Jewish population started emerging, the “Irgun” emerged as a Jewish guerrilla force. Eventually the British withdrew after World War 2 in 1948 and left Israel more land than agreed on under the UN plan and this enforced the repositioning of thousands of Palestinians. In response, the Arab nations rejected the state of Israel and its claims over Palestine and conflict was physically ignited in the 1956 Israel invasion of Sinai. This demonstrates how the violent conflict between the Arab and Jewish communities is largely caused by the political and social contentions of the

A year before the Balfour Declaration, the British had secretly promised the French that they would divide up the Arab territories and the Brits would keep Palestine. Furthermore, in 1915, other British officials had promised the ruler of Mecca, Sharif Hussein, that he would rule over an Arab state including Palestine if he led an Arab revolt against Ottoman rule, which Hussein promptly did, so basically the Brits had promised Palestine to the Meccans, to themselves, and to the Zionists. What could go wrong? So shortly after the end of the war, the British established a colony in Palestine with the idea that they'd rule until the Palestinians were ready to govern themselves, at which point, the people living in Palestine were like, " Well,

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The Balfour Declaration allowed for the establishment of a new Jewish national homeland called Israel and the striping of land from the native Palestinians. Ironically, this declaration came at a time when the idea of self-determination was beginning to be recognized (Hisham, 1990). During an address to the United States Senate in 1917, President Woodrow Wilson highlighted that:

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With the rise of anti-Semitism and the pogroms targeting European Jews in the late 1800s, there were many Jewish theorists and practitioners arose to find the ultimate solution for “the Jewish question”. In addition, the derived tension between the personal life of a Jew and the public life amongst secular society was the main challenge facing European Jewry. As a result of the long-term process through which Jews attempted to resolve the tension between their personal and public lives in a secular society wrought with anti-Semitism, the Zionist Movement emerged on the world scene lead by many intellectual and respected key figures. Among them, Theodore Herzl and Ahad Ha’Am were the two most prominent Zionist leaders. They both shared the same idea of nationalism where it was time for all European Jews to unite and be recognized as a nation. Although having a sense of national consciousness to unite the displaced Jews, their visions were completely opposite. The Zionist Idea, a text by Arthur Hertzberg, described their different visions in term of mass evacuation, statehood, religion, and culture.

A similar act of contradiction such as the Sykes-Picot, was the Balfour Declaration of 1917. The British foreign secretary, Arthur James Balfour sent a letter to Lord Rothschild a leader of the British Jewish community, which was then forwarded to the Zionist federation of Great Britain and Ireland. Palestine had a religious significance to the Jews and they had sought it as a viable place to establish a homeland. The

During the period of 1915-1948 the British Policy toward Palestine and the creation of Israel changed frequently in the period of 1915-1948. This can be seen in many documents and reports of the British Government and their correspondences with the Jewish, Arabs and German in their quest to gain allies and an independent Jewish State. Some of these documents include Der Judenstaat, The McMahon-Hussein Correspondence, the Balfour Declaration, the British Mandate by the League of Nations and the British White Papers. The first push toward an independent Jewish State began in 1896 with the publication of a pamphlet called Der Judenstaat, written by Theodor Herzl. In Der Judenstaat, Herzl aspires for a peaceful creation of an independent

One of the biggest mysteries of the 20th century was the sudden creation of the Jewish state. It had been the dream of almost every Jew to have their own nation in which they would be free from persecution but its very creation appeared to be beyond human possibility. Almost 6 million Jews been viciously massacred under the “Final Solution” Plan of Nazi Germany and the remaining were dispossessed refugees. The small communities in Palestine faced fierce Arab resentment and British had disallowed any further immigration. Even when the state was finally declared in May 1948,

The objective of Zionists was to elevate the Jewish people from their oppressed past, to “reverse” the course of Jewish history which had been characterized by persecution and exile. They sought, in the extremes, to break with Jewish history entirely and create a modern version of the Hebrew nation. On the whole, however, Zionists intended to reshape Jewish life by synthesizing Jewish tradition and history with modern ideology (Dowty, 1998).