Bakers Chapter Summary

In chapter five of Nicholas Cooks book, he discusses how music must be represented in terms of performance value and its ability to convey emotions. He talks of how music in Western culture sets out to be conveyed as a performance of a piece and that its hidden meaning is to be conveyed from this performance. He also feels that the meanings of popular music, jazz, non-Western music pieces does depend on how they are performed. Cook believes that both perception and composition are fundamental when dealing with music as they work with each other.

I feel as if the reason that the different levels of motorized patrol failed to have an impact on crime or public perception because when the police are in large areas patrolling, they may not be able to cover as much area as they think and adding more officers or cars may remove an officer or car from an rea that it is actually needed in which may move crime into another area.

A number of factors take place regarding incidents of crimes and why they may have been committed that might explain the difference between the two. In determining these factors, theories of crime must be considered since there is more than one factor present when one commits a crime. These theories include learning theory, labeling theory, social disorganization, trait theory, social conflict, choice theory, and life course theory.

The Philadelphia foot patrol experiment: a randomized controlled trial of police patrol effectiveness in violent crime hotspots is an experiment that had over 200 foot patrol officers during the summer of 2009, in the Philadelphia area (Ratcliffe, 2011). This research covered 60 violent crime hotspots in twelve weeks (Ratcliffe, 2001). There was a noticeable reduction in the violent crimes within those area hotspots. Furthermore, 53% of violent crimes were prevented during the twelve weeks of the experiment (Ratcliffe, 2011). In conjunction the type of patrol that was utilized, was foot patrol in the hotspot areas, which was the independent variable. The dependent variable was the reduction

The design of the Kanas City Preventative Patrol Experiment was to test the assumption that marked police units patrolling the streets can prevent individuals from committing crimes. Areas of the city were assigned either- no routine patrols the proper level of patrols and substantially increased patrols. “The concept of preventive patrol postulated the "self-evident truth" that the mere presence of the police or reasonable potential for their presence would deter criminals from committing offenses in the immediate geographic area of the patrol” (Deployment by analysis, 2000).

“Broken Windows” by Wilson and Kelling is a seminal work in the study of Criminal Justice. Starting off, the effectiveness and outcomes of implementing foot patrols was discussed. Foot patrols were found to not decrease crime, but did increase citizen’s favorable opinions on the police and perceived level of safety.

Community Policing took a different perspective on crime than August Vollmer. It shows that even though police officers are trained and respond to crimes on time, it doesn’t effect the crime rates. In the past foot-patrol was in place but it quickly failed due to poor management and not enough funds for the program (Bohm & Haley, 2014, Pg. 147). Community Policing was an idea to form a bond between the police and the citizens. If the police paid more attention to the minor problems in

Hot spots policing revolves around the idea that crime is focused in small problem locales, and that crime can be more efficiently reduced if police concentrate their efforts on those smaller areas (Papachristos & Hureau, 2012). By stopping crime in smaller areas, it is easy to prevent it from growing in larger parts. Activities like patrolling high crime areas and presence of law enforcement officers in the area are performed will reduced crime (Hot spots policing, 2017, What is the focus of the intervention?). “When authors calculated the overall

LoveTastiano Bakers recognizes the dignity and worth of every employee, and to that end believes in providing and maintaining a work environment in which all employees are free from workplace harassment, sexual harassment and discrimination. Such actions are not tolerated and, where possible, will be addressed accordingly.

This study tested the impact of increased foot patrol on crime in Newark between February 1978 and January 1979. The program included several requirements stipulated by its use of Safe and Clean Neighborhoods Program funds. Foot patrol officers were required to remain in uniform and on foot, except when traveling to and from their posts, or when assisting a motor patrol officer in an emergency or arrest situation. All officers were required to be visible on

Theories of criminology were developed centuries ago so people can go in depth to seek what cause crime and why. In some cases these theories can eve go to the extent to prevent the crimes from happening again. Over the years more theories have been developed and the theories that have already been developed have been added to so they fit a larger spectrum. What cause a person to commit a crime and why would they commit a certain crime over another? These theories that have been developed give us an insight to the answer of these questions. These theories are used so Criminologist can have a better understanding of crime such as the Ferguson, Missouri riots that took place after the August of 2014.

From Ted Kaczynski, the Unabomber, to Al Qaeda, the perpetrators of the September 11 attacks, terrorism in the form of bombs has always been recognized as a perpetual threat to society, only increasing as tensions with groups like ISIS grow. However, in the past decade, a new wave of terrorism has been on the rise: shootings. And with every subsequent attack, the dissemination of fear among the people expedites, making it difficult for anyone to feel completely safe anymore. As a result, law enforcement has been desperately searching for innovative measures that can be taken in order to prevent such devastations. This includes turning to forensic profiling, attempts to understand these perpetrators’ minds, so as to catch early signs of preparation

This essay will outline how crime theories are able to assist in recognizing the causes of criminal activity, as well as demonstrating two criminological theories to two particular crimes. Overviews of trends, dimensions and victim/offenders characteristics of both crime groups will be specified. The two particular crimes that will be demonstrated throughout this essay are; Violent Crime (focusing on Assault) being linked with social learning theory and White Collar crime (focusing on terrorism) being linked to General Strain theory. In criminology, determining the motive of why people commit crimes is crucial. Over the years, many theories have been developed and they continue to be studied as criminologists pursue the best answers in eventually diminishing certain types of crime including assaults and terrorism, which will be focused on.

The most common motive as to why arson fires are committed is for financial gains. According to U.S. Fire Administration Topical Fire Research Series, “The general public typically views arson as an insurance concern, primarily a paper crime of fraud mostly affecting insurance companies” (usfa.fema.gov). Many think that the easiest way to get insurance funds is by setting fires on their own properties or areas where they know will soon affect their section. Firefighters on the other hand, believe that they can easily get away with arson cases because no one would look directly towards an emergency fire responder as the criminal.

Arson is “any willful or malicious burning or attempt to burn, with or without intent to defraud, a dwelling house, public building, motor vehicle or aircraft, [or] personal property of another” (Bartol & Bartol, 2011. P 463). Arson comes in many forms – juveniles vandalizing property, businesses trying to collect insurance money, and murderers covering up their crimes are just a few of the examples arson investigators deal with. The reasons why arson is committed and the psychology behind arson are as diverse as the crime itself. There is no one perfect psychological profile of an arsonist. Young, old, educated, illiterate, sane, insane, rich and poor all can become arsonists. With such a wide range of suspect characteristics,