1. What is the geographic distribution and habitat of Azolla? (1 pt.)
The habitat of Azolla is any climate that is warm, temperate or tropical regions. Azolla cannot survive in areas that have long freezes or arid temperatures. This means that Azolla can be found on any continent that has warm freshwater ponds, ditches, slow rivers or lakes. Azolla can be found on every continent except for Antarctica. (1)
2. What is unique about this fern? Why is it called ‘Azolla Superorganism’? (2 pts)
Azolla is a superorganism because it has a symbiotic relationship with cyanobacteria. These two organisms are separate beings, but when the Azolla reproduces it passes that bacteria onto it’s offspring allowing the offspring to have the benefits of the symbiotic relationship. These two organisms co-evolved together over time and have not been found separate in over 100 million years. (2)
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Over time, a cavity in the leaf developed that houses and protects the bacteria in a space without oxygen. The anabaena is then able to help the plant with nitrogen fixation. This cavity in the leaf also allows for cyanobacteria to be passed down through reproduction. (2)
3. What are current practical uses of Azolla? (1 pt)
The current uses of Azolla include livestock feed and biofertilizer. (3)
4. How do scientists propose to use Azolla in new technologies to help the environment? (2 pts)
Scientist believe that Azolla could help lower greenhouse CO2. This plant's growth in freshwater without the need for soil allows the plant to use the CO2 without displacing land. The land that is not used by Azolla because of it’s ability to grow in freshwater can then be used to grow crops or allow more rain forests to be replanted. (4)
5. List some proposed
In the same study, 3.3 million tons of carbon dioxide emissions will be lessened by 2020 through sustainable soybean production. These methods allow for a reduction in overall costs due to decreased overhead in both machinery and herbicide applications (Green, 2010).
When water is in short supply a plant with a closed stomata has the luck that no matter what environmental situation it’s in (extreme heat, windy conditions, etc.) it will be able to control the water that it needs from escaping regardless of the environment it’s placed in.
Microscopic organisms known as cyanobacteria are interesting for the following reasons: [SELECT ALL THAT APPLY] Select one or more: A. Oxygen produced by their photosynthesis is thought to be responsible for the "great oxygenation event" about 2.3 billion years ago. B. The methane they produce is a greenhouse gas that could have helped warm the early Earth, helping to resolve the Early-faint-Sun paradox. C. The chloroplasts that carry out photosynthesis in green plants are evolutionary descendents of early cyanobacteria. D. They are known to be the earliest forms of life on Earth.
When oxygen and nitrogen combine in water, it forms nitrate, which is an essential chemical for eukaryotic algae; however, cyanobacteria do not need nitrate for their survival, contrary, they use elemental nitrogen. This way, even after the evolution of true algae, even though in fewer quantity, cyanobacteria remained widespread, and oxygen was accumulated.
Many species of plants host microorganisms living inside the plant forming a mutually beneficial endosymbiosis. Bacteria or fungi that reside within plant tissue (roots, stems, and/or leaves) are referred to as endophytes. These endophyte communities may help to improve a plant’s fitness by promoting growth, protecting against disease, or facilitating nutrient acquisition. More specifically, endophytes within the plant community can help plants respond to stress that develops from biotic or abiotic influences like pests, heat, drought, saline, and soil conditions (Russell et al., 2003) Endophytes can help plants become better able to tolerate stress by allocating resources from one place to another (Rodriguez et al., 2009). Therefore,
Prokaryotes are ubiquitous, successfully adapting to diverse environments as well as developing symbiotic relationships with host organisms (Lengeler, Drews, & Schlegel, 1999). Prokaryotes may have both autotrophic and heterotrophic characteristics. A cyanobacteria is photosynthetic, commonly called blue-green algae, and may produce toxins (Crayton, 1993). Bacteria are most commonly associated in the general
If one faces these symbiotes, at first he most likely will see the burgeon-like body of Anthoza. It looks just like a large flower ready to blossom, spreading sweet aroma around, alluring careless creatures to her. But in fact this is not a flower and not even a plant – it’s a colony of small polyp-like animals, and a burgeon is not their body, but an organic structure
The leaves of a plant are the main photosynthetic organs and are involved in gas exchange and water transportation throughout a plant (Evans et al, 17). A leaf typically consists of an upper and lower epidermis, the mesophyll cells, veins, guard cells and stomata. The mesophyll cells contains spongey cells which have large gaps between each cell to allow oxygen and carbon dioxide circulation. The mesophyll cells contain palisade cells, which are located beneath the upper epidermis. The palisade cells contain many chloroplasts, which are green organelles. Located in the internal layers of chloroplasts is the pigment chlorophyll which is involved in trapping the light energy in photosynthesis (Evans et al, 17).
The purpose of this experiment is to become familiar with how an ecosystem works, and discover the most sustainable kind of ecosystem. Based on knowing how an ecosystem works, predictions have been made that state if a terrestrial mesocosm is sealed for four weeks with plants inside, it can continue to live and thrive sealed from the outside environment because the plants will gain their moisture from the humidity left in the sealed jar. The plants will use photosynthesis and carbon dioxide in order to transform the carbon dioxide into oxygen and water.
Luther’s position in which he deeply expressed, was that the Word of God was and should be the final and sole authority for Christian beliefs and practices. Luther affirmed that not only is the Bible telling us something, but it generates something in us all, as true believers of the Word. Gonzales (2010) furthers this point by saying, “The Bible is the Word of God because in it is Jesus, the Word incarnate, comes to us” “Any who read the Bible and somehow do not find Jesus in it, have not yet encountered the Word of God” (p.48). The Roman Catholic Church’s position however, shares somewhat of a balance of the Bible and the traditions of the Church to establish ecclesiastical authority. However, if at some point there is a controversy,
Researchers also hope to use Azolla to reverse the global warming effects of burning fossil fuels.
Continents such as South America, South Africa, and the Western tip of Australia. The animals are all mainly grassland and desert types adapted to hot, dry weather. Animals that are in the biome are coyotes, jack rabbits, mule deer, alligator lizards, and horned lizards. The climate is 30-40 °F. Dependent on latitude, yearly range can be between -20°C to
There has also been increasing attention to the possibility of using biochar to mitigate climate change be diverting carbon into agricultural soils (Czimczik et al., 2002; Lehmann, 2007).
He moved to Karachi some times before Jinnah's birth.[1][14][17] His grandfather, Poonja Gokuldas Meghji,[18] was a Hindu Bhatia Rajput from Paneli village in Gondal state in Kathiawar. Jinnah's ancestors were Hindu Rajputs; his grandfather had converted to Islam.[17] Jinnah's family belonged to the Ismaili Khoja branch of Shi'a Islam,[2] though Jinnah later converted to Twelver Khoja Shi'a Islam.[3][6][7]