Astronaut´s Survival Techniques: Getting Back to Earth on a Life Boat

“In the Unlikely Event of a Water Landing” If you witness a crime, find yourself in danger or someone is in need of some kind of help, you should take initiative to help or call for help. A crime scene, someone in need of some serous help but the help never gets there. In her chapter “In the Unlikely Event of a Water Landing,” from the book Opening Skinner’s Box, Lauren Slater states, “People, the witnesses, those who flicked on their lights, could both hear and see. They did nothing.

As if this was not bad enough, there was more disparaging news: a cloud of some sort was floating above the spacecraft, leading to the assumption that an oxygen tank exploded.

Succumbing to hunger and thirst on the fifth day, they killed the dog for nourishment. Two of the crewmen died on the sixth day. On the seventh, the remaining crew reached land.

However, at 55hrs, 54mins and 53secs when the crew was 200,000 miles from Earth and closing in on the moon, mission controller Sy Liebergot saw a low-pressure warning signal on a hydrogen tank in Odyssey. The signal could have shown a problem, or could have indicated the hydrogen just needed to be resettled by heating and fanning the gas inside the tank. Swigert flipped the switch for the routine procedure. However when flipping the switch one of the oxygen tanks in the service module exploded. The explosion caused one of the spacecraft panels to rip off and damaged the fuel tanks killing the crew’s oxygen supply and the spacecraft then began to lose power. The crew notified Mission Control, with Swigert’s famous phrase, "Houston, we 've had a problem…”. Luckily the Apollo spacecraft was made up of two independent spacecrafts joined by a tunnel the main spacecraft named Odyssey and the lunar model named Aquarius.

The ground controllers had some major problems to solve. They had to write and test new procedures to send up to the crew for a safe arrival home. A new navigation problem had to be solved to provide the crew with a speedy return. Water was also a main concern. The crew was estimated to run out of water in about five hours. But tests on previous Apollo missions found that the ship could run without water for about seven hours. The astronauts began to conserve water by cutting the amount they drank to six ounces each day. The crew began to get dehydrated and they

Salva the main character of “A Long Walk to Water” by Linda Sue Park was an 11-year old boy when his village was attacked. His teacher urged him to run away from the village and to run to the “bush.” After that attack, his life made a turn for the worse. With no family around him, he was completely lost. During his journey, he had some problems, but overcame

ABSTRACT Recently there has an increase in developing a new line of preserves that instantly inflates when a seal is ruptured and two chemicals are allowed to fuse together. Applicants need to formulate and test a formula that gives the volume of the life preserver that would produce the minimum weight of sodium bicarbonate. Also, that when mixed with an excess of 1.0M HCl, it would inflate the life preserver to the pressure of 1300 torr using the following equation, NaHCO3 + HCl CO2 + H2O + NaCl. The objective of this experiment was to find out what was the least amount of sodium bicarbonate needed to react with an excess of 1.0 M HCl to inflate the bag. We were able to determine that around 22 grams of sodium bicarbonate were needed to firmly inflate the bag without bursting.

Apollo 13 mission to the moon was suddenly derailed, when one of the three oxygen tanks exploded, and another failing simply as collateral damage from the explosion, therefore leaving one oxygen tank for the three astronauts aboard Apollo 13. The astronauts included mission commander Jim Lovell, lunar module pilot Fred Haise and command module pilot Jack Swigert (the back-up pilot for Ken Mattingly) found themselves rotating the moon in a small confined space that was designed for only two

In 2001: A Space Odyssey the most intelligent being on the ship had to be disconnected. When Hal started to malfunction, Bowman and Poole

first place. Maybe if the ship had some repairs to the ventilation system there would be more

A few days later Lovell and his crew take off on the Apollo 13 mission. At first all is well until the second oxygen tank explodes, causing many problems for the crew; the most potent problem being that the crew was losing oxygen fast. Luckily, due to much ingenuity by the crew and mission control, the crew is able to arrive safely to earth without the deaths of any astronauts.

Why did this problem occur, and what was the background to the problem? (Try to be specific, but keep it concise and to-the-point.) They missed one part of spacecraft into space that was oxygen tank. They were losing oxygen, also their battery did not have enough power to back home.

Several elements were considered harmful to both Aldrin and Armstrong; therefore the safety procedure was very in depth. “Apollo was kind of nested levels of risk”, Andrew Chaikin said, author of “A Man On The Moon (1994)”. Chaikin also elaborated on what procedure the astronauts had to undertake: “You get on top of a Saturn V Rocket with enough chemical energy to be the equivalent of a small atomic bomb. Then you throw away levels of safety by going into Earth’s orbit, then going to the moon, orbiting around the moon. And then, on the landing missions, two of the guys going down to the surface and being at an absolute dead stop on the moon”. Every component of the spacecraft were tested to the maximum, this helped NASA prevail over the Soviet Union’s N1 moon rocket which was never tested before it got launched. NASA engaged “what-if thinking” to make the onboard explosion of an oxygen tank on Apollo 13 survivable. For example, the docking mechanism that linked the command module and healthy lunar module was strong enough to allow the module to propel the combined spacecraft onto the proper course for home, Chaikan said. The astronauts lived in their lunar module “lifeboat” for several days before successfully transferring back to the command module and splashing down on

This is the scenario of the Lifeboat Ethics in which Hardin relates this lifeboat to the space ship Earth. It goes that the lifeboat is the wealth nations and the people in the water are the poor or unfortunate. All ethic beliefs have flaws and strong points, as you will see in the following explanations. The 5 ethical theories have a one or two examples explaining how someone would go about making this decision from the view of: Divine Command Theory, Egoism, Utilitarianism, Kantian Ethics, and Natural Law. All five have ethic believes do justice, but have flaws, and strong point. An ethic theory to solve a problem is good. Following

The need to perform tasks in hostile environments such as those characteristic of nuclear, underwater and space domains has driven telerobotics researchers to design systems that allow human operators to work safely from remote locations (Ferre et al., 2007). Telerobotic systems extend the actions of a human operator by transmitting complex control actions to a robot that duplicates them on remote objects on the operator’s behalf (Figure 1). Sensors are placed at the remote site to gather data from the task, and feedback is then transmitted back to the operator and displayed by the human machine interface (HMI). The operator perceives system information from the remote environment through the HMI and responds accordingly by sending commands back to the remote devices. Essentially, these systems are closed-loop configurations in which a human operator plays an important role. Therefore, the HMI component of an optimal telerobotic system has to accurately stimulate the operator’s senses of sight, hearing and touch to (1) communicate the state of the remote environment and (2) process the operator’s commands to accurately control the remote devices (Ferre et al., 2007). For complex or intricate tasks, force feedback that stimulates the operator’s sense of touch can enhance his ability to complete the task. This requirement was the original motivation for the evolution of haptic interface technologies.