Aortic Valve Echocardiography Limitations

It was established that the patient’s symptoms were due to an aortic regurgitation this was confirmed by echocardiogram. The use of the SOAPIER model is an effective means of providing rationale for a holistic clinical decision making. The findings and treatment options were discussed in a multidisciplinary meeting including Mr Jones and family. The family were informed that surgery was the safest treatment option. Complications that could happen with or without surgery were also explained ensuring that the patient had adequate understanding to make a valid choice about his treatment. Mr Jones agreed that a replacement of the aortic valve with a mechanical valve was necessary, thus it last for more than twenty years or more . Mr Jones

This past Friday in the cardiac catheterization lab I began my day with continuing the work that I was previously assigned to do last week where I collected the data of patient's Cardiothoracic surgery. I continued to familiarize myself with the different types of Cardiothoracic surgery procedures, however, the specific reports I was working with, they are called TAVR report (Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement). I later learned and was explained to, the TAVR multiple procedures and its causes, which is aortic stenosis. As for the procedures, a valve needs to be placed in the heart and each procedure delivers it a different way. The three ways the valve can be placed in the heart is through the heart's femoral artery (the transfemoral approach),

There were no early or late postoperative deaths and we achieved 100% follow-up for included patients. No patient had aortic valve replacement after one year. Preoperatively the mean ejection fraction in group S was 62.33±4.39% while in group R was 59.53±6.10%, the width of the regurgitant jet in group S was 34.67±2.72 % and in the group, R was 35.73±1.87 % ( p-value non-significant). Postoperatively after 1 year follow up the width of the regurgitant jet in group S increased significantly to 37.27±4.67% ( p > 0.5) while in group S almost remained unchanged 34.73±4.13% ( p <

Catheter angiography can accurately evaluate aortic pararenal patency. This is especially important when placing engrafts at the iliac bifurcation site. CTA is more sensitive to assessing endoleaks occurring after EVAR procedures, but digit subtraction angiography (DSA) is more accurate in classifying endoleaks. This is possible because the direction of flow in or out of the aneurysm site can be evaluated via DSA. Catheter angiography plays a role in imaging intraoperative EVAR patients for endoleak classification and for post-operative re-intervention (Francois et al., 2012). Figure 5 illustrates an arteriogram taken in preparation for an EVAR procedure, while Figure 6 was taken after the EVAR procedure was

Aortic valve stenosis is a disease that is based on a defect in the heart. It allows backflow in blood and can lead to death. Aortic valve stenosis has at least four types bicuspid, tricuspid, pulmonary and mitral stenosis. They all have the same effect on the aortic valve and almost the same symptoms. Each one is referring to a swelling, subtraction or the shape of the leaflets. As your body try’s to function with aortic valve stenosis it, will make it pretty hard for you to do activities. Your body will have to pump harder for blood to get around your body. This means working or exercising hard becomes arduous. You will become tired faster and can faint much more easily.

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The significance of establishing and confirming a diagnosis is important in the management of any health conditions , Aortic regurgitation is a progressive heart failure related with a calcified inadequate aortic valves and a very large heart. Therefore the plan is to implement investigations that will confirm the diagnosis and severity of aortic regurgitation , in order to agree on treatment options. Cox, C (2010) states that recognizing the red flags in the history and physical examination helps to determine the treatment of underlying physical conditions. Investigations included respiratory and cardiac monitoring for example a 12 lead ECG to establish any signs of arrhythmias and measurement of oxygen saturation. The ECG in patients

Now you might ask what does HDL have to do with aortic stenosis, well recent studies have shown that HDL might in fact reduce the risk of aortic stenosis. Specifically, it's the calcification of the aortic valve that HDL is able to reduce. Calcification is the process that refers to the accumulation of calcium on the heart's valves. The aortic valve is the frequently the most affected. Over time, this build-up hardens and thickens the valve, causing aortis stenosis. Calcification is said to come with age as the caclium amasses in the heart over the course of a lifetime. Calcium is always circulating in the blood. Our body works to great lengths to make sure the calcium blood levels are maintained in a very narrow range. Lining our arteries

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When measuring the atherosclerotic aneurysm the transverse diameter is the most important measurement to obtain. Normal aortic diameter measures less than 3.0cm. They can be saccular, fusiform, or cylindrical. The location of the aneurysm is also of major importance, in particularly its position with respect to the kidneys. The most common location for abdominal aortic aneurysms is infrarenal. Ultrasound can also be used to assess the presence or absence of thrombi, their echostructural characteristics, and any signs of dissection. Ultrasound can also reveal aortic dissections and distinguish the true and false lumens.

Aortic stenosis—aortic valve stenosis— is caused by a narrowing of the heart’s aortic valve which leads to obstruction of the outflow of the left ventricle. Aortic stenosis is uncommon in patients under the age of 50. The most common cause in adults within industrialized countries is due to aortic valve calcification. Compared to any other cardiac diseases stenosis of the aortic valve is associated with increased morbidity and mortality. Some of the more uncommon causes of this deadly disease include congenital heart disease, rheumatic fever, and radiation. Patients with increased age, increased low density lipoprotein (LDL), increased lipoprotein A, hypertension, and smoking history have a higher risk of developing a stenotic valve. Patients suffering from aortic stenosis often are asymptotic until more of the advanced symptoms develop. At this time, they may present the “classic triad symptoms,” which include (1) angina, (2) syncope, and (3) heart failure. There are also some broad symptoms such as fatigue, dyspnea (usually with exertion), swollen ankles, difficulty exercising, or palpitations. Physical examination provides valuable insight into the diagnosis of aortic stenosis. Findings on physical examination can be confirmed through non-invasive two-dimensional Doppler echocardiogram, which is the gold standard for aortic stenosis. However, other imaging modalities for diagnosis and treatment options of this debilitating disease will be discussed in this

However, a meta-analysis by Brown et al showed worse short-term outcomes for certain groups of symptomatic carotid stenosis patients after undergoing carotid stenting compared with carotid endarterectomy. The poor predictive factors of adverse events are elderly age more than 70 years and complex anatomy of the aortic arch (i.e. type 3 and bovine aortic arch)4. Moreover, type 3 arch was counted as a predictor of major adverse events and confirmed in Thai patients5. The normal and bovine variants of aortic arch types are shown in Figures 1 and 2,

Aortic Stenosis is recognised as the most prevalent form of valvular heart disease in the ageing population. Increasing life expectancy has resulted in a significant increase in the number of older patients being referred for consideration of an aortic valve replacement. Although surgical aortic valve replacement (AVR), or open heart surgery, remains the best type of treatment for symptomatic severe aortic stenosis, other treatment options include: Transcatheter Aortic Valve Implantation (TAVI); balloon aortic valvuloplasty (BAV); medical therapy. Transcatheter Aortic Valve Implantation, also referred to as Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement, is one of the least invasive types of aortic valve replacement surgeries. TAVi is important to

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The study hoped to find an acceptable correlation with abnormal or normal Doppler ultrasound and venography. The results were not sufficient to determine that Doppler ultrasound alone was an adequate tool to determine stent malfunction consistently. Future objectives are for non-invasive Doppler testing to be sensitive and reproducible enough to detect early stent malfunction even before symptoms occur.29 Boyer,23 reports that Doppler ultrasound has sensitivity and specificity rates from 70%-100% in cases of stent stenosis, but it is still not ideal. Ultrasound requires a technologist and radiologist with experience and must be conducted with consistent parameters to obtain dependable results. Most of the trials recommend follow up studies including some or all of the following: venography, Doppler ultrasound combined with two-dimensional ultrasound, angiography, magnetic resonance imaging and computerized