Anti Epilepsy Observational Study

Epilepsy is a serious global problem that affects approximately 1% of people worldwide (1). Epilepsy is a chronic condition of the central nervous system (CNS) characterized by epileptic seizures, which can affect physical and mental functions (2). Epileptic seizures are unprovoked reoccurring episodes of abnormal, excessive, or hypersynchronis neuronal activity in the CNS (2). The treatment options of epilepsy include medications called antiepileptic drugs (AED) and surgeries based on individuals’ specific diagnosis and background (1). The AED Keppra®, S-enantiomer of α-ethyl-2-oxo-1-pyrrolidine acetamide, or Levetiracetam (LEV) is Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved for the treatment and prevention of epileptic

Epilepsy is not what you think. It is a complicated disease, a disease that doesn't just affect one type of person or age. Over fifty million men, women, and children cope with this disease daily. Epilepsy is a mysterious disease to those who are unfamiliar and uneducated about the disease. Many people have preconceived notions about Epileptics. Researching the topic thoroughly, the five preconceived notions I explored have been proven to be false.

Serbia joined World War I that started in July 1914 when Austria-Hungary attacked the kingdom of Serbia just at the onset of the world war one. The Serbia army was severely destroyed losing over three hundred soldiers. At the time the war ended, Serbia lost over one million citizens both civilians and the soldiers (Fromkin 12).

Choosing an appropriate antiepileptic drug is the key to successful medical management of epilepsy in children. The choice of antiepileptic drug depends on several factors, of which the most important is accurate seizure classification. The other factors used to choose an appropriate antiepileptic drug include the side effect profile of the drug, The available age- and patient-appropriate preparations of the drug, Whether therapeutic levels are needed quickly or not (depending on the frequency and severity of the patient’s seizures), and the patient’s comorbidities.

The approved FDA indications for Levetiracetam are adjunctive therapy for adults and children four years of age or older with partial onset seizures, adjunctive therapy for myoclonic seizures in patients twelve years of age or older with juvenile myoclonic epilepsy, and adjunctive therapy for primary generalized tonic-clonic seizures in adults and children six year of age and older with idiopathic generalized epilepsy. In a clinical trial of levetiracetam for treatment of partial onset seizures, there was a median reduction in weekly partial seizures of 43.4% compared with 16.3% for the placebo.(1,2) A clinical trial for levetiracetam as a treatment for tonic-clonic seizures in patients with idiopathic generalized epilepsies showed a mean

The study by Amato, Minozzi and Davoli (2011) examined five randomized controlled trials to find an efficient and safe medication to treat AWS. The study which had a total of 7333 patients concluded that benzodiazepines were better for controlling seizures when compared to a placebo and antipsychotics (Amato et al., 2011). When comparing benzodiazepines versus anticonvulsants, researchers concluded that the benzodiazepine chlordiazepoxide had better outcomes. No other studies were found which would compare the effectiveness among benzodiazepines for the treatment of AWS.

Some anti-seizure medications have lab tests to verify the concentration of the drug. This allows physicians to alter the dose to the patient to be effective while preventing side effect. Medications for seizures have a variety of side effects (Table 3) and should be reported to a primary doctor, so the physician can change the dose or switch the medication. If patient’s seizures are not controlled on one medication, the physician may try to increase the dose or add a second medication. Both adjustments could increase side effects, so communication with your physician is

Mainly, there are 2 types of seizures: Focal (partial) seizure and generalized seizure. Focal seizure starts in and affects a large part of one hemisphere or just a small area in one of the lobes. Focal seizure is sub-divided into Simple Focal Seizures

Seizure disorder affects 65 million people worldwide. The prevalence of active cases of epilepsy vary between high-income and low-income countries likely due to differences in risk factors. High-income countries have a prevalence of 5-8 per 1000 in a population, while low-income countries have a prevalence of 10 per 1000. The risk factors that cause this discrepancy are assumed to be infections and inadequate care during and after pregnancy. There is also a vast difference in epilepsy mortality rates between high-income and low-income countries. High-income countries’ mortality rate are only 2-5 times higher than the general population as compared to the low-income countries’ rate of 37 times higher (Fazel et al, 2013).

Epilepsy is one of the most common of all the neurological disorders. Epilepsy effects about Sixty-Five million people worldwide and three million in the USA alone(CureEpilepsy). Epilepsy is when a person has a seizure for no actual reasons, unlike people who have them because of low blood sugar or withdrawals. A person can be diagnosed with this disorder is they have one or more seizures that aren’t caused by a known condition. Rarely do they perform surgery for epilepsy, Medication is commonly used to control seizures.

However, medication therapy has been proven to be successful for almost three quarters of patients with generalized seizures. Unfortunately only fifty percent of epileptics with partial seizures are able to control seizure activity with medication. In the developing world nearly eighty percent of cases are inappropriately or not treated at all (centre, 2015). Depending on the age of the patient, the patient is nearly two to four times more at risk for early death during a seizure episode. The primary treatment for epilepsy is phenobarbital which is the least expensive anticonvulsant used to control generalized and partial seizures. Unfortunately due to its abuse potential it is often a controlled substance in countries and therefore not recommended as a first line of treatment. The lack of the ability to treat the majority of cases has led to severe social stigmas of epileptics and in many cases denial of the privileges such as being able to marry or drive a vehicle. Even with proper treatment nearly three out of ten epileptics continue to have seizures despite anticonvulsant therapy. A further estimated twenty percent can control their seizure activity if a second or third anticonvulsant is added to their regimen. Other than anticonvulsant medications minimizing or eliminating seizure triggers is the priority of therapy. Understanding the patients sensitivities are useful in indicating when a seizure will occur. Avoiding

Edgar Allan Poe is a master at creating suspenseful horror stories that keep the audience entertained. Like any other stories, his include a conflict and a resolution, but his ability to take the reader on a journey with him through his literature and make us feel a certain mood makes him a unique writer with his own style. “The Tell Tale Heart” and “The Cask of Amontillado”, short stories by Poe, have similar ways of creating the mood which leads us to feel the way we do throughout the story. The use of the first person narrator perspective, the different settings within each story, and the time it takes to reach the climax are major factors that contribute to the mood.

Epilepsy has existed for thousands of years, yet just in the previous hundred years or thereabouts has it started to be studied and understood. The main side effect of epilepsy is the epileptic seizure, and any individual who has encountered or seen such a seizure knows, to the point that this experience can be terrifying and odd particularly without the learning of cutting edge science. Recordings of seizures have been recuperated as far back as the first days of history and can even be found in the book of the Bible. These records have a tendency to be exceptionally superstitious and religious, however a couple of scientists have given their own perceptions regarding the illness. Every one of them have endeavored to clarify and cure this

The loves of my life, most beautiful people I have come across with and will always truly

VPA, carbamazepine and phenobarbitone were the most commonly used traditional AEDs in our study. Previous studies showed a significant decrease in the serum level of fT4 and increase in the serum level of TSH in patients treated with VPA; and these changes persisted throughout study period[8,11,26,27,28]. In a study conducted on adolescent girls with epilepsy, the group received VPA showed higher serum levels of TSH and lower serum levels of fT4 than did the untreated group, although still within the normal range[9]. Other studies found that TSH levels increased in patients using VPA while fT4 levels were found to be unchanged[12,26,29,30].3,4,9,11 On the other side, some studies found that both fT4 and TSH concentrations were unaffected in patients treated with VPA[10,30]