Animal and Plants Cell Structures

Complete Table 2 and answer Post Lab Questions 1 through 4 in complete sentences on the Week Three Lab Reporting Form.

P1 – Describe the microstructure of a typical animal cell and the functions of the main cell components. A typical animal cell is seen as a tiny, three dimensional sac which is in fact made up of many components, each as important as the other. The microstructure of an animal cell was in fact uncovered mainly through the use of both cell fractionation and electron microscopy. Each main component has its own, individual function which helps a cell to function and maintains the cell membrane. The components that I will be describing include the cell membrane, nucleus, cytoplasm, mitochondria, lysosomes, Golgi bodies, centrioles, endoplasmic reticulum (both smooth and rough) and ribosomes.

1. Lab reports are to be computer-generated and double-spaced. All sections of the report must

The leaves of a plant are the main photosynthetic organs and are involved in gas exchange and water transportation throughout a plant (Evans et al, 17). A leaf typically consists of an upper and lower epidermis, the mesophyll cells, veins, guard cells and stomata. The mesophyll cells contains spongey cells which have large gaps between each cell to allow oxygen and carbon dioxide circulation. The mesophyll cells contain palisade cells, which are located beneath the upper epidermis. The palisade cells contain many chloroplasts, which are green organelles. Located in the internal layers of chloroplasts is the pigment chlorophyll which is involved in trapping the light energy in photosynthesis (Evans et al, 17).

Chloroplast is an organelle. It is the cell in plants it contains chlorophyll.Chloroplasts absorb sunlight and mix it with water ,and carbon dioxide to make food and for the plant.Chloroplasts also then absorbs and collects light from the sun to produce the energy that is stored through a process called photosynthesis.Chloroplasts are one of the many organelles in the plant.In this respect they are similar to mitochondria. They are only found in plants..All organelles are surrounded by a cell membrane .They both have their own DNA, which are involved in energy metabolism; and both have reticulations, or infoldings, filling their inner spaces.Chloroplasts is commonly found in guard cells located in the plants leaves. Guard cells surround

This document is not meant to be a substitute for a formal laboratory report. The Lab Report Assistant is simply a summary of the experiment’s questions, diagrams if needed, and data tables that should be addressed in a formal lab report. The intent is to facilitate students’ writing of lab reports by providing this information in an editable file which can be sent to an instructor.

On your own and without assistance, complete this Lab 4 Answer Sheet electronically and submit it via the Assignments Folder by the date listed in the Course Schedule (under Syllabus).

Mitochondria are the powerhouse of the cell with versatile operating systems (i.e. converts energy derived from foods into cellular energy e.g. ATP, Amino Acid and lipid metabolisms, iron-sulphur clusters and haem biosynthesis, and also the regulation of apoptosis) (Harbauer et al., 2014, Bolender et al., 2008, Wiedemann et al., 2004). Equally, chloroplasts are also very versatile and operates several metabolic and cellular processes (i.e. photosynthesis, amino acid and lipid metabolism, cellular signalling and

This document is not meant to be a substitute for a formal laboratory report. The Lab Report Assistant is simply a summary of the experiment’s questions, diagrams if needed, and data tables that should be addressed in a formal lab report. The intent is to facilitate students’ writing of lab reports by providing this information in an editable file which can be sent to an instructor.

The answer is B, lysosomes. The answer cannot be A because chloroplasts are responsible for functions within photosynthesis and do not contain hydrolytic enzymes to break down cellular components. Central vacuole, answer C, cannot be correct either because the central vacuole is responsible for holding substances such as water within plant cells, helping to support the structure of the cell. Peroxisome and glyoxysome (D and E) are also incorrect because peroxisomes are used primarily within oxidative reactions and glyoxysomes are responsible for converting

Not only is the appearance different between the two cells, but the insides are made up of different things too. First of all, both cells contain, ribosomes, cell membranes, cytoplasm, a nucleus, mitochondria, a nucleolus, endoplasmic reticulum, and golgi apparatus. Although these cells have lots in common they have their different organelles too. Plant cells have chloroplasts, vacuoles, and a cell wall, whereas animal cells have none of those organelles. However animal cells have organelles of their own too, such as centrioles, lysosomes, flagellla, and cilia. Plant cells have none of those organelles.

Both chloroplasts and mitochondria contain circular DNA knowns as chloroplast DNA and mitochondrial DNA respectively, signifying that both organelles have prokaryotic origins. The presence of mitochondria in eukaryotes allows for ATP synthesis through the electron transport chain and oxidative phosphorylation (Chinney et al, 2003), thus enabling eukaryotes to satisfy their high metabolic requirements, particularly in animals. The production of large amounts of ATP energy allows for the sustenance of life in a wide variety of environmental conditions as they are able to produce the energy required. The unique double membrane of the mitochondria suggest that it was formed as a result of primary symbiosis, and are homologous to plastids. Similarly chloroplasts enable eukaryotes to take advantage of sunlight as a natural resource, which allows the process of photosynthesis, where the reaction of carbon dioxide and water is converted to glucose and oxygen gas (Cogdell, 2013), using light energy produced by the sun with the aid of chlorophyll. This conversion of light energy into chemical energy forms the primary source of all energy accessible by the animal consumers on land, through the producers - the plants. At the cellular level, protists are the most simple examples of endosymbiosis. In the amoeba Paulinella chromatophora it contains two chromatophores, derived from once free living cyanobacteria (Wernegreen,

The chemical energy the plant obtains from photosynthesis can then be used to fuel the activities in the cell. In an animal cell, the mitochondria, the powerhouse of the cell is similar to chloroplasts in a plant cell because both produce energy, but chloroplasts make energy through photosynthesis. However, the mitochondria can be found in both animal and plant

There are two major groups that cells can be grouped into to. These are eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells. All eukaryotic cells contain a plasma membrane, as well as cytoplasm and organelles such as mitochondria, rough endoplasmic reticulum (ER), Golgi apparatus, smooth ER, ribosomes, a nucleus which is surrounded by a double membrane known as the nuclear envelope, and secretory vesicles. There are some eukaryotic cells which contain more organelles as well as theses. Some eukaryotic cells, specifically in plants, have chloroplasts. Chloroplasts are organelles that contain stacks of granum known as thylakoid stacks. The granum contains chlorophyll, and the first stage of photosynthesis occurs here. Some eukaryotic cells contain centrioles, which are strands of protein involved in the process of mitosis and meiosis. Pant cells have a cell wall made from cellulose. This prevents the cell from bursting from too much water uptake via osmosis. Fungi do not have chloroplasts. They do have a cell wall like plant cells, but whereas the cell walls in the plant cells are made from cellulose, the cell wall in a fungal cell is made from chitin. This is a polymer made from N-acetylglucosamine.

Analyze plants as an example of a multicellular organism with specialized structures at the cellular, tissue and system levels (STS and Knowledge Outcome #3)