Naturalism is a literary genre that focuses on how the role of social conditions, family background, and the environment shape the character. Most stories are based on the idea that the environment determines and governs human character (2015). Naturalists depict their characters as having little or no control over their lives, as they are usually removed of their free will by uncontrollable external forces (such as nature) or if they are in a lower class of society. Some characteristics of naturalist writing include determinism, pessimism, indifference to the environment, and survival. Stephen Crane’s The Open Boat is an exemplar of naturalist writing, as it shows most, if not all, of these characteristics.
1. Determinism According to
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Although steady, it was deep with mourning…” (Crane p. 585). Though usually optimistic and upbeat, the captain shares a couple of pessimistic thoughts while they were stranded. In section 4, the captain says, “if we don’t get ashore…if we don’t get ashore, I suppose you fellows know where to send news of my finish?” (Crane p. 590). The captain, the supposed leader, says these discouraging words. He also repeats, “If we don’t get ashore” which it also shows a pessimistic attitude. Even though pessimism is an important part of naturalism, an indifference of nature is one of the key characteristics in naturalistic literature, and it is shown in The Open Boat.
3. Indifference to Nature The four men in The Open Boat have no control over their situation as nature controls their story. This is shown in the first lines of the story: “None of them knew the color of the sky. Their eyes glanced level, and were fastened upon the waves that swept them.” (Crane p. 584). The first few sentences just say that the four men can’t see the sky since the waves splash into them. Crane sets the scene of this bleak tale by giving the reader a setting that is the complete opposite of a serene, nice, day out on the water. It shows that the crew’s lives are only going to go downhill from there.
Later in section 1, Crane writes that “A singular disadvantage of the sea lies in the fact that after successfully
“The Boat” written by Alistair MacLeod tells a story about a father’s life and how he lived as a fisherman. The narrator is an adult man who looks back on his life of when his father was still living because even though he got a university education, he now wants the life his father had. He expresses how his father always wanted him to become something bigger and better then what he became. The author, Alistair MacLeod, used many different writing techniques within this short story. The symbolism of “The Boat” expresses inevitability through the little hobbies the father/husband does through his boring routine life, obligation through the father/husband’s commitment as a fisherman to provide for his family, and imprisonment through his
“Perhaps an individual must consider his own death to be the final phenomenon of nature.” In this small excerpt from his short story “The Open Boat” one can clearly see that Stephen Crane was a firm believer in the concepts of naturalism. After the harsh and violent Civil War the United States was no longer the nation it had been before. Previously, Americans had focused on the positive or romantic side of their surroundings and had written in a romantic style, glorifying man’s communion with nature. However, after the civil war that wasn’t the case. Some American’s had now experienced the harsh reality that nature was completely unbothered by the events that occurred to man. They realized
In the beginning of The Open Boat, the author Stephen Crane displays a wide variety of imagery. The first chapter is about several men who get stranded on a deserted island. While their ship is in the process of crashing into land, Crane describes the cruel waves. "The horizon narrowed and widened, and dipped and rose, and at all times it's edge was jagged with waves that seemed thrust up in points like rocks". With much hesitation, Crane subtly foreshadows the future events.
“The Open Boat” by Stephen Crane is a short story included in The Norton Introduction to Literature. In it, we embark on the journey of four men, whose ship has sunk and are now adrift. The characters fight for survival throughout the whole tale, trying to withstand nature. As the story passes, they realize that nature is indifferent and uncaring. Moreover, they begin to question the existence of God. Ultimately, three of the men survive and one of them dies. Stephen Crane’s “The Open Boat” shows the struggle of men attempting to understand nature and desiring to survive against this invincible and indifferent force. I will analyze literary elements of character, plot, and symbol, using Literary Naturalism to demonstrate this constant conflict between man and nature that plays out in “The Open Boat.”
“Survival is the ability to swim in strange water” (Herbert). Due to the length and complexity of the story written by Stephen Crane, many themes are present. However, the most prevalent theme throughout the story happens to be survival in the brawl between nature and humanity. In order to understand the four characters from “The Open Boat,” one must examine the motivations, strengths, limitations, and conflicts. Each character from the story has their own personality, ideas, and struggles to conquer while battling ferocious waves and obstacles as they attempt to get from dinghy to shore.
Humanity often tends to see itself as being somehow important in the grand scheme of the Universe. We speak of 'fate' as if we were put here for some reason, or purpose. We have our religions, which often serve as an engine to drive our lives and as a means to give meaning to them. But why do we think of ourselves in such a superior fashion? Do we really matter at all? Would the Universe stop if we were suddenly taken away? In his short story, 'The Open Boat,' Stephen Crane shows us a Universe totally unconcerned with the affairs of humankind; it is an indifferent Universe in which Man has to struggle to survive. The characters in the story come face to face with this indifference and are nearly overcome
The men eventually found another shore and decided that the better dock their boat there or else they may not get another opportunity. In this scenario is when Crane uses a lot of irony. While rowing, one of the men continually recited words saying, “If I am going to be drowned – if I am going to be drowned – if I am going to be drowned, why, in the name of the seven mad gods who rule the sea, was I allowed to come thus far and contemplate sand and trees?” (Crane 590). This phrase is extremely ironic because it makes sense. Why would someone’s life plan be to survive just far enough to see where they could continue to survive, and then die? It is almost like a teasing joke. Once the men got closer to the shore, they realized that they would not be able to get their boat completely to land
“The Open Boat” is a short story written by Steven Crane about four men stranded on a dinghy after their boat had sunk over night. The men were struggling to stay alive because it seemed as if they had no hope for survival. The four stranded shipmen were a correspondent, an oiler, a cook, and a captain. The theme of the story is that man has no control over his destinies and that nature controls everything. Naturalist themes prevail in Stephen Crane's “The Open Boat” as it demonstrates naturalist literature through the struggle that nature throws at the men. Naturalism arises throughout the men’s constant battle between their surrounding environment and keeping
The Open Boat is a tragic tale by Stephen Crane of four men contemplating what seems like their inevitable death. This paragraph above serves as a quality passage on its own and as an interesting part of the entire story as the author repeats it often. The text is a beautiful paragraph, perhaps the most flowery writing in the entire work. Lines such as "to nibble the sacred cheese of life" and "name of the seven mad gods who
“The Open Boat” is short tale of endurance, suffering, and redemption. The story focuses on four interesting sailors on a journey towards survival. They try their best to overcome the adversities of the water and raging storm. Crane focuses on the constant struggle of man’s immobility to control his own life. “The Open Boat” is a nonfictional fiction some call it. It typically is argued as only fiction, but many lean toward its nonfictional quality. Crane wrote the story based off his real life experience of a shipwreck he tragically endured. The Commodore, the name of the ship, was the victim of the waves and Crane just so happened to be one of its friends. He wrote 2 articles based on this tragedy, but “The Open Boat” became the best
There is also a shark that is “playing around” near the boat; curiously, it does not seem to even acknowledge their presence. The realization that they have no purpose brings them to the brink of despair. In the beginning of the story, the author describes the “dawn of seven turned faces.” These are faces of the “seven mad gods” who are apathetic towards the men; moreover, they are part of nature. Towards the end of the story, the correspondent recalls a childhood verse that helps him to understand nature’s indifference. Through their experience together, the four men realize that all they have is each other. The correspondent feels sympathy suddenly for a dying soldier, one who does not even exist, “The correspondent, …dreaming…was moved by a profound and perfectly impersonal comprehension. He was sorry for the soldier of the Legion who lay dying in Algiers.” Being in the current situation, the correspondent finally understands the tragedy of the dying soldier. He realizes what it is like to be alone in a cruel world and more importantly, he realizes he does not have to be alone. When he first heard the story, he was also indifferent towards the soldier, just as nature is indifferent towards the rest of the world. He now understands what it is to be human. Crane opens a view of reality that first seems bitter, but in the end, stands as
Style: One thing that Crane has been known for is his use of imagery and similes in his writing. His use of Imagery and detail bring a repeating setting like the ocean, more to life. The reader is able to form a vivid picture in their mind with the Crane’s use of adjectives and
They are so consumed with their struggle against the waves they do not even have the time to notice something as simple as the color of the sky. From the very beginning the reader is filled with the suspense that each individual character feels. Despite the crews struggle with Mother Nature, they are continually struck by the fierce waves. With each passing wave the reader is lead to believe that this one will surely be the one that capsizes the little dingy. “As the salty wall of water approached, it shut all else from the view of the men in the boat, and was not difficult to imagine that this particular wave was the final outburst of the ocean (256).” Crane creates suspense between the reader and the characters that allow both to feel the relentlessness of nature’s indifference of their struggled attempts to survive. It seems that no matter how hard the crew works to keep the dingy from capsizing “… the waves continued their old impetuous swooping at the dingy, and the little craft, no longer underway struggled woundily over them (259).” The narrator describes the waves as acting carefree and rather impulsive as if they had no obligation to the men for their survival. Nature does not care that this crew of men were working to survive, but nor does it mean to cause the men any harm. The waves are merely there, doing as nature intends the waves
Stephen Crane’s “The Open Boat” and Jack London’s “To Build a Fire” include parallel ideas of Man’s hopelessness in the natural world. Through out both short stories the authors bring up questions of man’s fate and his relationship with nature as well as carry a theme of naturalism. When nature seems to repeatedly play against man, the reader wonders we whether nature is cruel and sinister, making it difficult for man to live. Evidence in the the two stories such as the animal’s presence, the environments, and the different human characters, in both stories leads one to believe that nature is not in fact out to get man, but it is a neutral, indifferent factor.