Analysis Of Exelon ( Rivastigmine Tartrate )

Transdermal medications come in the form of patches that are applied to the skin normally to the chest or upper arm. They work by allowing the medication to be released slowly and then absorbed. For example, Hormone Replacement Therapy (HRT) patches and nicotine patches.

The Roman Empire is credited with the development of many great achievements. These achievements can still be seen in Rome and throughout the world. The Romans are well known for their aqueduct system and huge colosseum that are still standing today. These monumental building feats would not have been created without the use and knowledge of many different techniques. The use of cement was one of the technologies employed to build these large structures. The utilization of arches was another. Many people associate the idea of arches with the Romans. However, they were not the first people to utilize arches. This paper will concentrate on why the Romans were credited with developing the arch; what they did to improve previous cultures use of arches; and how the Romans used arches to create massive structures that are still standing today.

The fourth function of the integumentary system is absorption. The most common use of the absorption factor is through the use of a transdermal patch. A transdermal patch, not to be confused with a dermal patch, is a medicated adhesive patch that is placed on the skin to deliver a certain dose of medication through the skin and in to the bloodstream. An advantage of this method of intake is the dosage intake is controlled by body heat melting away layers of medication embedded in the adhesive bandage, which is a time advantage. A disadvantage is a very effective barrier and sometimes the medication is not absorbed enough to be affective. Transdermal patches are placed on several parts of the body, depending on what treatment you need. Many transdermal medications include a type of birth control contraceptive and a medication that prevents motion sickness.

The half-life for absorption is 0.7h and elimination is 63h the volume of distribution is approximately 500 litres and serum half-life of 60 hours. Side effects are encountered at 600mg/L. Oral serum clearance is 75 +/- 7 ml/min, urinary excretion is 15.3 +/- 1.5% of dose and renal serum clearance 10.9 +/- 2.2ml/min [16]. This data is for 25mg of NTU2699t administered twice orally with water. Steady state levels reached in the plasma only after 10-14 days administration.

It is also used for sores in the mouth and during certain dental procedures or to numb the skin if you require stitches. Being such a versatile substance, the popularity and commonality of the products that are based on it are becoming a little more known.

“All are created equal” but when it comes to matters of pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics things tends to vary, people have different genetic makeup and different diseases. Since we all have the basic knowledge that people characteristics are expressed by genes, it was not surprising that not only our diseases but also the effectiveness of treatment have a big link to individual genetics. trail and error method has been the spine of medical treatment for over many decades, treating with the same drug for every patient and changing regime if find not effective. So one drug for all has its own drawbacks. Human reaction to drug depends on individual metabolic and other factors.so dose of drug or even a particular drug for a particular patient may not be always suitable. When it comes to Drug dose, it is determined by metabolising enzyme activity of patients towards a particular drug. So if enzyme activity is greater dose required is more, if less activity less dose.

As our immigration rate is at an almost all-time high, there are many different cultures in the United States. The different cultures often assimilate with each other and as a country, we must learn about each other. Most colleges have study-abroad programs and this teaches young adults the importances of different cultures. The students have the opportunity to immerse themselves in a culture that is different than their own. The Unites States is made up of different races from all different places. During some point in a person's life, they will meet someone of another culture. In a single neighborhood, there are people from different backgrounds. This allows children to interact with different cultures. The United States of America is made

"The poor availability of Marinol in aqueous solutions and its high first-pass metabolism in the live account for its poor bioavailability; only 10-20% of an oral dose reaches the systemic circulation. The on set of action is slow; peak plasma concentration are

"The main factor which relates to absorption of drugs is the route of administration. Physiological considerations in absorption are blood flow, total surface area, time of arrival of the drug and time of drug at absorption site. Other considerations for absorption are solubility, chemical stability and how soluble the drug is in lipids".

, Potency and Original Activity Remaining (OAR) .DPPH assay was inv estigated for all treatments.

effect to be noticed, and the drug will remain active in the body for a

(What Dr Ike Iheanacho (the editor of the Drug and Therapeutics bulletin) stated can be found in the table above)

About one third of the drug is absorbed into the bloodstream after oral administration. After one to three hours, maximum plasma concentrations are reached and the maximum effect occurs after six hours. The effect of the drug lasts for twenty-four hours.6

Adams and Urban (2013) states that “pharmacokinetics focuses on what the body does to the drug after they are administered.” (p. 41), therefore pharmacokinetics relates to the process of absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion of a drug that is administered. An important aspect of administering medications is to be aware of the route of administration and how fast the medication is going to be absorbed. In order to maintain safety of the patient, we would also have to check the latest lab results for the patient, and correlate the clinical image of the patient with his body’s ability to process the medication, and that includes liver function, kidney function, electrolytes level.

The essence of pharmaceutical treatment is for the administered drug to be present at the site of action in a concentration that exceeds the minimum effective concentration. This is not always the case most times because of some unchallengeable properties of the drug. As a matter of fact, there have been several effective therapies made available for many disease conditions that have failed in their effectiveness because of their inability to reach the site of action. The possible reasons for the poor bioavailability of these drugs at the required site of action include; their inability to permeate biological membranes, poor solubility in water as well as the drugs been rapidly broken down through metabolism and cleared from the body