Ammonium Cyanate Synthesis

“After having made a few preparatory experiments, he concluded with a panegyric upon modern chemistry, the terms of which I shall never forget: ‘The ancient teachers of this science,’ said he, ‘promised impossibilities and performed nothing. The modern masters promise very little; they know that metals cannot be transmuted and that the elixir of life is a chimera but these philosophers, whose hands seem

In the early days of alchemy, many scholars doubted the authenticity and credibility of alchemy as a scholarly field of study. They labeled it as “mystical” and challenged greatly the possibilities of alchemical transmutations and any practitioner’s credibility. However, alchemy was still practiced and discussed in all levels of society. Alchemy has been discovered in recent times to have been central to the development of early modern science and medicine. The practice of alchemy has made many contributions to the development of modern chemical medicines.

Uranium was discovered in 1789, by Martin Heinrich Klaproth, a German chemist. He first believed the substance he got from pitchblende was pure uranium, but it was actually

Throughout the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries, Europeans’ world view was affected by several scientific breakthroughs. This period of achievement is referred to as the Scientific Revolution. The Scientific Revolution was not a single event, rather a series of events with contributions from many people. Some of its main causes include individuals, the book written by Nicolaus Copernicus, and the loss of power by the Catholic church. During this period, scholars made lasting contributions that continue to affect the modern world.

Stanley Miller started the idea that life could have started when carbon and other ingredients combined. He assembled a contraption made out of flasks and tombs in the lab. He fill one flask with gases to represent Earth's primitive atmosphere and connected that to another flask with water to represent the ocean. He put an electric charge through that.simulated lightning going through early atmosphere. After a couple of day, all this brown goo all over the reaction vessel. He said, now he had amino acids in the vessel. Amino acids are compounds that are form when carbon and other elements linked together. They are building block of protiens and cell, which were vital ingredients of all living things. His experiment showed that life can be formed in the harsh condition of early earth.

It is not “naturally occurring” and it is not composed of only ammonia, phosphorus and hydrogen sulfide” (Hunter-Burch, 2005, n.d.).

in 1973, Julian was the first black chemist chosen to the National Academy of the Sciences. In 1990 he was chosen to the National Inventors Hall of Fame, and in 1999 his making of physostigmine was notice by the American Chemical Society as “one of the top 25 achievements in the history of American chemistry.”

In 1787, an unusual rock had come across the work of Dr. Adair Crawford when investigating witherite, a mineral in Strontian, Scotland ("Strontium | Periodic Table." Royal Society of Chemistry). The discoverer of the element was testing the results of witherite and hydrochloric acid. When Dr. Crawford mixed witherite with hydrochloric acid he did not get the results he expected. He assumed that his sample of witherite was contaminated with an unknown mineral, a mineral he named strontianite ("The Element Strontium." It's Elemental). The discovery by Dr. Adair Crawford was the start of strontianite, but it was not the end of research on this element. Although Dr. Crawford technically discovered strontianite, he did not prove that it was a new element. In 1791, Thomas Charles Hope, continued the investigation of strontianite ("Strontium | Periodic Table." Royal Society of Chemistry). Through his investigation, Hope proved that strontianite was a new element. Finally the element, now known as Strontium, was isolated. Strontium was first isolated by Sir Humphry Davy, an English chemist, in 1808 through the electrolysis of a mixture of strontium chloride and mercuric oxide ("The Element Strontium." It's

Joseph Priestly was an English scientist who found out about oxygen. Joseph Priestly had thought before that there was more than one type of air. He discovered eight gases of which one was oxygen. The element of oxygen was discovered by him during his many experiments. He did this by an experiment involving the isolation of oxygen and carbon dioxide. Joseph Priestly discovery of oxygen was significant by revealing the process of photosynthesis.

Before the discovery that urea could be created inorganically, the field of organic chemistry literally did not exist, it was believed that organic compounds could not be created outside of a living thing. The common belief was that urea could only be created by the natural processes of living things, such as creating urine. Wöhler however, with his experiments found this to be false, he appears to have been surprised by his discovery as well and not sure whether to believe it or not. The discovery that urea could be synthesized was surprising, not only to Wöhler but also to many in the scientific community, as many believed it impossible. He showed it was possible, and opened the door to what

Balard found bromine chemicals in the ash of seaweed. The seaweed was used to produce iodine, but also contained bromine. Balard distilled the bromine from a solution of seaweed ash saturated with chlorine. The properties of the left over substance resembled that of an intermediate of chlorine and iodine, he was sure that he had found a new element and named it muride, derived from the Latin word muria for brine.

Although organic reactions have been conducted by man since the discovery of fire, the science of Organic chemistry did not develop until the turn of the eighteenth century, mainly in France at first, then in Germany, later on in England. By far the largest variety of materials that bombard us are made up of organic elements. The beginning of the Ninetieth century was also the dawn of chemistry, all organic substances were understood

Organic chemical synthesis is the process of creating a different substance from two or more existing substances. It can be done naturally or through man made techniques. Synthesis has been going on for ages, although there was a time that we did not actually know that was what we were doing. The first conscious synthesis was when urea was made in 1828. Since then, this science has continued to become more developed and since World War II it has been growing exponentially. A complete synthesis consists of three broad steps. First, there is the chemical reaction, second purification of the substance, and thirdly characterization of the substance. This paper goes into further details on each step.

Wilhelm in 1784, but he first thought it was a compound, rather than an element.

I selected organic chemistry because honestly it looks like a very interesting topic. Before doing research on this topic the knowledge I had before about organic chemistry was that it has something to do with food. After doing research I found out that I was way off track. I learned that in the late 1820’s was when organic chemistry was stumbled upon. In 1828 Friedrich Wohler produce the organic chemical rued, a mixture of urine from inorganic starting Materials. This is now called the Wohler Synthesis. This was the first time a substance thought to be organic was made in the laboratory without any biological starting material. In the late 1850s organic chemistry was stumbled upon again. In 1856 William Henry Perkin accidentally produced an organic dye known as Perkin while he was trying to manufacture quinine. As you can see organic chemistry was kind of just stumbled upon. Well I've came to that conclusion in my research. This paper was so organic chemistry and how are use it today, how we've used it in the past, and how we are working to develop it.