What was the Influence of European Colonialism on the First Wave of the Rwandan Genocide?
Erin Mahan
AP World History 2AB
May 23, 2018 Hintjens, Helen M. “Explaining the 1994 Genocide in Rwanda.” The Journal of Modern African Studies, vol. 37, no. 2, 1999, pp. 241–286. JSTOR, JSTOR, www.jstor.org/stable/161847. 21 May 2018. Credentials of the source: Look up online: http://www.ascleiden.nl/content/ASC-community/members/helen-hintjens
Helen Hintjens is a Senior Lecturer at the Institute of Social Studies in the Netherlands. She is regarded as an expert in her field and presents papers at international conferences multiple times per year. Those conferences include UNRISD and the International Association for the Study of Forced Migration. She reviews major funding proposals and advised UK All-Party Committees. Dr. Hintjens has worked in many African countries such as Burundi, Uganda, Kenya, Rwanda, and Tanzania. This experience and learning in the countries that she writes a lot of her papers on makes her a valid source of information. She has been there to study the effects and she
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Hintjens work could result from the fact that she is a white person from Western Europe who caused most of the African conflicts that she studies. However, she is extremely dedicated to her work and has spent time in the countries that she writes about, so the bias in her work is minimal. If anything, it would be the opposite direction and she would be against the Western Europe that caused what she studies (forced migration, gender and nationalism, Rwandan social justice after the genocide, etc.). Another source of bias could stem from the fact that she has spent so many years of her life studying the tragedies in Africa as past happenings and describing them in academic sense. She may be a bit reluctant to see the continued suffering of the people because she has focused so much on the past. However, her current credentials do not lead me to believe in
In chapter two of the order of genocide, the author, Scott Straus, evaluates the course of commentary on the Rwandan genocide, by exploring already existing literature by other authors that tries to elucidate the reasons that led to genocide in the first place.
The primary motive of the Jesuit missionaries was world evangelization, living the Gospel to go and teach all nations (Cushner, 105). The second motivation of the missionaries is not as flattering. The mindset of the 16th century missionary was the absolute certainty that the West and the missionaries who were its representatives had already achieved the highest rung of cultural superiority. A little more flattering, the missionaries’ final motive was that they were engaged in a unique enterprise, an attempt to fulfill the Christian vision of the world, one that united God and man in a special way (Cushner, 106). But what connects the two groups? Cushner believes that it is the motivations of the Spanish Government. The government saw
One of the major reasons why American expansionism began at the turn of the twentieth century was the idea of Manifest Destiny. Originally, Manifest Destiny was described as the god given right for the United States to expand its territory from the Atlantic Ocean to the Pacific. However, Americans believed that Manifest Destiny also included extending American control into other regions in the Western Hemisphere. This new Manifest Destiny became one of the justifications for the continuation of American Imperialism. Another idea that helped push for American Imperialism was Social Darwinism. Social Darwinism essentially states that “the strong will survive”, and that those who are meant to hold power in this world will do so. John Fiske, a
Thesis: The Rwandan Genocide is one of the lesser known, quickest, and most inhumane genocides this world has ever seen, and it is still affecting the people of Rwanda till this day.
Bang! Pop! The sound of fireworks is something familiar to all Americans. Even in American military bases overseas, they pull out firecrackers and light up the foreign sky to honor their country. Growing up overseas in a military environment can give a person interesting view on Americanism. Military members are those citizens who are willing to bear arms and give up their lives for their country. To be willing to sacrifice so much means you have a very high level patriotism. Military members and their families are some the most American people you will find. Being military or their dependent can shape your outlook on a lot of things, but most importantly, American pride, equality, fighting for a cause, and acceptance.
No matter which testimony, each survivor has an amazing story. What they went through was absolutely terrifying. To see family members get killed right in front of your face would be horrifying. Then they somehow had to keep things together while they escaped. Nobody saw coming what was going to happen in April of 1994 to July of 1994, the genocide in Rwanda caused the deaths of almost 1,000,000 Tutsi people and displaced millions more. In addition to the brutal mass killings, systematic rape was also widely used as a weapon of war during the Rwandan genocide. The exact number is unknown, they estimate that between a quarter and a half a million women were had been raped. It was considered another way to destroy the Tutsi ethnic group, through both the emotional pain so the woman could die of sadness and through the
The primary and secondary information gives distinction between both a first hand view and a secondary view of genocide, not only in Rwanda but also in Bosnia. In both cases, thousands of people were slaughtered or brutally beaten including women and children by rebel groups. In “Back to Rwanda”, the first hand telling of how effective the genocide was, showed it was influenced by Bosnia and how the impact was felt not only on a federal government level but on a personal level as well. In both Bosnia and Rwanda, cultural independence played a major role in the attempt and succession of genocide. The populations of both countries, separated into two different minorities, were both willing to be redistributed to surrounding countries and far away villages where they could be safe from a purge like massacre. The Tutsis’ and Hutu’s were the aggressors in Rwanda with the Tutsis in control until the Rwandan President was gunned down in mid day. This event triggered the aggression between both of the groups. In Bosnia the Catholic Croats and Eastern Orthodox Serbs fought against each other after the death of pro- unionized demonstrators. These two main events triggered the beginning of the genocides. Both articles mentioned that the UN did not intervene to stop the genocides but rather end it with bloodshed and that the targets were of multiple races, mainly those who were African American, as well as those of different economic background. Over 100 days, close to 1 million Rwandans and 7000 Bosnians were massacred. Together, Bosnia and Rwanda were in fear of manipulation by the superior race and were in fear of mistrust amongst the nations as well as the possibility of more
According to the book Peacemaking in Rwanda, that I Immaculee made my children read (in order to get an understanding of why this hateful genocide of 1994
Many people know about the gruesome killings of innocent Jews in the Holocaust, but fewer people are aware of the abhorrent Rwandan Genocide. When one majority group deemed themselves superior to a minority, unimaginable violence broke havoc. Rwanda is a tiny country in the heart of Africa with so little to offer, politically and economically. European influence from long ago caused tension among the population. The Rwandan Genocide is known as an incomprehensible, savage conflict strongly influenced by colonialism; the international response to the crisis was far from adequate.
It is important to study the immediate and gradual causes of the genocide. A good understanding of the devastating Rwandan genocide can help prevent a repeat of such violent events. There were numerous situations that led to the murders, but some could have had a greater impact than others. Two of the biggest causes of the genocide were the assassination of Rwandan President Juvenal Habyarimana and the hostility between the Hutus and Tutsis. The animosity between the two groups was built up over hundreds of years, while Habyarimana’s assassination was an incident that took place within hours of the beginning of the genocide. Habyarimana’s death seemed to be a trigger for the genocide, but the conflicts between the Hutus and Tutsis could have played an even larger role in the mass murders of thousands of Rwandans. The past relationship between the two groups must be studied in order to understand how they were able to reach a genocide.
800,000, and most of those people were from of the Tutsi tribe. It began by the
Colonialism is like a long film of events discoveries, tragedies, and controversy. It is through it that the components reflect the historical remnants; it is a criterion that forms the political, social, cultural constructs. It is a metaphor for an archive that harbour the passage through time and frozen moments. I reconstruct images from the past and the present; which the button is a tool that re enforce the hybridism and therefore history is a social and cultural dictionary in which I articulate ideological and visual ideas in the contemporary scene, focusing on experiences and
The colonization of Africa holds the responsibility for the disregard of Africa’s culture, allowing for the tensions to heighten and for the genocide to arise. Africa’s culture
In this paper I will be discussing what happened during the Rwanda Genocide. This event took place during 1994 but only lasted around 100 days during these 100 days about 800,000 thousand Tutsis were slaughtered by the Hutu, this event actually started around 1933 but tension built on leading to the second genocide of Rwanda. The Hutu and Tutsi people of Rwanda Africa you could are of close descent but are very didn’t, they would exchange cattle or, the females of their tribe would be married off to the other tribe at first these two got along fine until the Europeans showed up.
Colonialism has plagued indigenous people worldwide and has spelled disaster for countless cultures, languages, and traditions. Over the past 500 years there have been different phases of colonization in Africa as well as other various parts of earth. There were many reasons behind exploration and colonization including economic and tactical reasons, religion, and prestige. Colonialism has shaped the contemporary understanding of individuals from Niger as well as other parts of Africa and other places too, like the Chambri and Tlingit people; mainly in economics. Because of the colonial past of so many cultures, numerous indigenous people today face many issues. Today colonialism is still active, known as Neocolonialism, which has