Alpha Lipoic Neuropathy Report

Glucagon acts on liver cells to promote breakdown of glycogen into glucose and formation of glucose from lactic acid and certain amino acids.

Catechin has been shown to modulate the hepatic microsomal phospholipase A2 activities. It can change the hepatic phospholipid species in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats [78]. On the other hand epigallocatechin gallate, a constituent of green tea, represses the hepatic glucose production. EGCG also mimics insulin by increasing phosphoinositide 3-kinase, mitogen-activated protein kinase. Furthermore, EGCG has been shown to regulate genes that encode gluconeogenic enzymes and protein-tyrosine phosphorylation by modulating the redox state of the cell. These finding suggest that EGCG, or derivatives can perform as antidiabetic agent [79]. Green tea has also been shown in vivo to down regulate the hepatic gluconeogenic gene-expressions of enzymes. The results of this study support the idea that green tea intake may be favorable in the prevention of diabetes mellitus [80]. Diabetes is multi-causal disease. Even the onset of the disease is caused by a single factor but its progression and pathogenesis may be attributed by a number of confounding factors. So, in some

Diabetes is a very common chronic medial disorder and expected to be a big medical challenge of the twenty first century (Clark, 2004). It is a condition, in which the glucose level in the blood becomes so high that the body is unable to utilize it properly. This long-term condition results when the pancreas of the victim is either not able to produce enough insulin (sometimes even cannot produce any insulin) or the insulin produced cannot work properly. Diabetes is divided into two main types: Type 1 and Type 2. Type 1, also known as insulin dependent diabetes milletus (Masharani, 2008) cannot be prevent while Type 2 can be prevented but if the patient is at pre-diabetes stage.

Diabetic Peripheral Neuropathy (DPN) is one of the most common microvascular complications in diabetes and can result in foot ulceration, ampuation and an impaired quality of life(Carrington AL, et al 2002,Boulton AJ,et al 2004). The reported prevalence of diabetic peripheral neuropathy ranges from 16% to as high as 66%2 and its prevelance is believed to increase with the duration of diabetes and poor glucose control.(Boulton AJ.et al 2000) It’s accounts for 50–75% of non-traumatic amputations in diabetic patients.(Holzer SE, et al 1998, Boulton AJM, 1998,Malay DS, et al 2006)

My patient has idiopathic progressive neuropathy. This means that the cause of his neuropathy cannot be determined and is developing gradually. Nerve damage is interfering with the functioning of the peripheral nervous system (PNS). Damaged nerves can occur in the brain and spinal cord and affect how the peripheral nervous system communicates with the rest of the body, it sends incorrect signals which can be a risk factor for falls. He is not a diabetic which is one of many causes of neuropathy.

In summation, diabetes is a constant battle with no end. In this current time, diabetes can only be treated but cannot be cured. Diabetes is not a simple disease as there are two types. The two type of diabetes are type 1 and type 2. They both affect two different age groups in the population. Type 1 affects the adolescence and type 2 affects adults in their late years. As with many diseases, the understanding of diabetes is continuous but many factors are known as how diabetes occurs in the body. With such understanding, diagnosis of diabetes is able to be done properly and the right type of diabetes is also established. By way of diagnosis, the right treatment can be

Sugar is the primary fuel for the cells in the body, and the insulin takes the sugar from the blood and into the cells. When glucose builds

in the imperviousness to insulin activity(Butler, Janson et al. 2003, Das and Elbein 2006, American Diabetes 2010). Insulin is helpful in transporting the blood sugar or glucose towards the body cells. Insulin acts as a key to open

Diabetes mellitus, commonly known as diabetes, is a metabolic disorder characterized by chronic high blood sugar levels. It is caused by an absolute or functional deficiency of circulating insulin, resulting in an inability to transfer glucose from the bloodstream into tissues where it is needed as fuel (Ahmed, Laing and Yates 2011). The disruption in the metabolism of carbohydrates, fats and proteins interferes with the secretion or action of insulin, which plays a vital role in the metabolism and utilization of energy from the nutrients especially carbohydrates. Insulin is produced in the pancreas and secreted in the gastrointestinal tract in the response to high blood sugar levels after ingestion of a substance (REFERENCE).

Type 2 diabetes is becoming more and more common in children and teenagers because of the increase in obesity in young people” (Journal of the American Medical Association, 2011). As a result, there a many risk factors and health risks associated with type 2 diabetes. Risk factors include people with poorly managed blood glucose, overweight, family history, and poor diet. In people with diabetes kidney disease or kidney damage is a complication of diabetes, the nephrons slowly thicken and become scarred over time. The kidneys begin to leak and protein (albumin) passes into the urine. This damage can happen years before any symptoms begin” (National Library of Medicine, 2014). Secondly, diabetic retinopathy is a condition which causes progressive damage to the retina, the light sensitive lining at the back of the eye. Diabetic retinopathy is the result of damage to the tiny blood vessels that nourish the retina. They leak blood and other fluids that cause swelling of retinal tissue and clouding of vision” (American Optometric Association, 2014). Lastly, according to the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, (2013) diabetic neuropathies are a family of nerve disorders which can occur overtime and develop nerve damage throughout the

Acting in accordance with National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK), diabetic neuropathies are family of nerve syndromes affected by diabetes (2009). People with diabetes can be asymptomatic overtime and some can have notable signs with radicular symptoms in the upper and lower extremities (NIDDK, 2009), Moreover, can affect even the digestive, cardiac, and reproductive system in serious conditions (NIDDK, 2009). In fact, based on academic literatures, about two thirds of patients with diabetes have medical or subclinical pathology of nerve (Bansal, Kalita, & Mistra, 2006). The occurrence of neuropathy amplified from approximately 7 percent to 50 percent on admittance at 25 years in consequence (Bansal, Kalita, & Mistra, 2006).

Diabetes is a disease where the body is unable to produce or use insulin effectively. Insulin is needed for proper storage and use of carbohydrates. Without it, blood sugar levels can become too high or too low, resulting in a diabetic emergency. It affects about 7.8% of the population. The incidence of diabetes is known to increase with age. It’s the leading cause of end-stage renal disease in the US, and is the primary cause of blindness and foot and leg amputation. It is known to cause neuropathy in up to 70% of diabetic patients. Individuals with diabetes are twice as likely to develop cardiovascular disease. There are two types of diabetes: Type 1 and Type 2.

Diabetic neuropathy is nerve damage that occurs with diabetes. Approximately half of all people with diabetes have some form of neuropathy. It is more common in people who have had the disease for many years. Tight control of blood sugar can prevent neuropathy from occurring. Those who already have diabetic neuropathy can stop it and prevent it from becoming worse with healthier eating habits, medications and exercise.

Diabetes Mellitus is “a group of metabolic diseases characterized by hyperglycemia resulting from defects in insulin secretion, insulin action or both. It is a disease which is caused by the insufficient insulin secretion or decrease in the peripheral effects of insulin. It is a serious problem in terms of morbidity and mortality. The hyperglycemia is associated with long term damage, dysfunction and failure of various organs especially the eyes, kidneys, nerves, heart and blood vessels. It’s associated with many complications which includes blindness of the eyes and amputations of the extremities. It is also associated with neuropathy, retinopathy, and cardiovascular diseases which lead to mortalities.

Diabetes is a systemic disease caused by a decrease in the secretion of insulin or reduced sensitivity or responsiveness to insulin by target tissue. (Beale, et al., 2011) The incidence of diabetes is growing rapidly in the United States and worldwide. An estimated 347 million people around the world are afflicted with diabetes. (Whalen, et al., 2012) According to World Health Organization (WHO), Diabetes prevalence among adults over 18 years of age has risen from 4.7% in 1980 to 8.5% in 2014. It is the major cause of blindness, kidney failure, heart attack, stroke and limbic amputation. World Health Organization (WHO) projects that diabetes will be the 7th leading cause of death in 2030. It is a complex and costly disease that can affect nearly every organ in the body and result in devastating consequences. The leading cause of non-traumatic lower extremity amputations, renal failure, and blindness in working-age adults, diabetes is also a major cause of premature mortality, stroke, cardiovascular disease, peripheral vascular disease, congenital malformations, perinatal mortality, and disability. (Cefalu, 2000) Insulin therapy and oral hypoglycemic agents have demonstrated improvement in glycaemic control. However, Insulin therapy has some disadvantages such as ineffectiveness following oral administration, short shelf life, of the need for constant refrigeration, and fatal hypoglycaemia, in the event of excess dosage.