Name: Date: 03.05.13
Student Exploration: Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium
Vocabulary: allele, genotype, Hardy-Weinberg equation, Hardy-Weinberg principle, heterozygous, homozygous, Punnett square
Prior Knowledge Questions (Do these BEFORE using the Gizmo.)
Suppose the feather color of a bird is controlled by two alleles, D and d. The D allele results in dark feathers, while the d allele results in lighter feathers.
1. Suppose two Dd birds mate. What percentages of DD, Dd, and dd offspring would you predict? Use the Punnett square at right to help determine your answer.
DD ___25___ Dd _____50___ dd _____25_____
2. In this situation, what ratio of heterozygous (Dd) to homozygous (DD and
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Interpret: Select the GENOTYPE GRAPH tab. What does this graph show? For Dd genotypes, it’s was the lowest but then it started going up. All of those results, Dd genotype have the highest average.
(Activity A continued on next page)
Activity A (continued from previous page)
6. Gather data: On the DESCRIPTION tab, click Reset. Set DD and dd to any values you like. Fill in the initial values in the table below, and then run the Gizmo for five generations. Record the allele and genotype percentages for each generation in the table below.
| |Initial values |Generation |
| | |1 |2 |3 |4 |5 |
|% D alleles |74.0 |73.6 |74.3 |73.9 |75.5 |75.3 |
|% d alleles |26.0 |26.4 |25.7 |26.1 |24.5 |24.7 |
|% of DD genotype |68.0 |52.4 |55.6 |53.0 |58.0 |57.6 |
|% of Dd genotype |12.0 |42.4 |37.4 |41.8 |35.0 |35.4 |
|% of dd genotype |20.0 |5.2 |70. |5.2
This data can be further used by analyzing and providing additional information about the influences of certain characteristics on population genetics.
Over five trials the average allele frequency with this change in the migration rate is 0.366.
2. Indicate on your pedigree chart the individuals who are carriers by shading half of each circle or square.
2. Sort the data by Gen or Gen 1 (into males and females) and find the mean and standard deviation for each gender for the following variables: Use the descriptive stats function for one gender and the Fx functions (average and stdev) for the other.
What observations can you make regarding the gene pool and gene frequency of the surviving individuals?
14. In a flower garden, the gardener has purple and white pansies. He notices that a new pansy has sprouted. When it finally flowers, the pansy is lavender. Explain how this happened. (5 points) This would happen in a case incomplete dominance. The white pansies nor the purple ones genes dominated making a 50/50 offspring.
Calculate the ratios of the genotypes and phenotypes of the offspring in the F1 generation.
6. Click the Reset button at the bottom. Then, choose Color Blindness again and set the parents’ alleles according to the information about Couple 3.
Now mate a mutant F1 female fly with a mutant F1 male fly. Out of the 50 F2 progeny, what percentage of flies are wild type and what percentage are mutant
This equation is used to calculate the genotype frequency, so 1 = 100% of the population.
You are also provided with a heterozygous female, and a homozygous recessive male for a genetic cross. In this particular female, all the dominant alleles are on one chromosome, and the recessive counterparts are on the other homologous chromosome. Due to a chromosomal condition, in the female no recombination occurs between the M and N loci. Normal recombination occurs between the L and M loci. Diagram this cross, and show the genotypes and frequencies of all offspring expected from this cross.
In this section we show how Genzyme went about their analysis and what values they used for certain variables. These numbers were generally found by settling somewhere near the average of the range provided by market research.
This can be used to support my claim using a punnett square (figure 5), just like my last piece of evidence. Because metallic is the dominant gene even though it only makes up one of the four alleles, half of the baby drakes have the metallic phenotype. Although this might look like the mother's genes are stronger you can explain with a punnett square that each baby drake receives half of its genetics from the mother and half of its genetics from the father. We have now supported my claim with three pieces of evidence, but that doesn’t make it correct. In order to be sure that my claim is correct then we would have to find evidence to support the fact that the other claims are
If there are three alleles, they extra attention needs to be paid. Three alleles does not mean multiply the frequency three times. Still two alleles will define a certain phenotype. For example, if we want a pq phenotype when there are three alleles: p,q,r. Then we use the frequency of p(p/n), multiply with the frequency of q(q/n). However, the sequence in this case does not matter, whether we draw a q first or a p first still can make a pq. Thus we need to multiply it with 2 as well. And the final possibility of us getting a pq is
Lindsey used 2 cups of red crystal light and 2 cups of water to illustrate homozygous. Students identified which two pairs were the same. Lindsey mixed the two cups of water and two cups of red crystal light. The two pairs stayed the same when mixing to illustrate