CHAPTER 3
AGREEMENTS AND INSTITUTIONS RELATED TO SHARED RIVERS WITHIN SOUTH ASIA AND BEYOND
SHAFQAT KAKAKHEL
The author is a former senior Pakistani diplomat and former UN Assistant Secretary General and currently Chairperson of the Board of Governors of the Sustainable Development Policy Institute, Islamabad
Contents
3.1. INTRODUCTION 2
3.2. AGREEMENTS ON SHARED RIVER WATERS NEGOTIATED BY INDIA AND NEPAL 3
3.2.1. The Sarda Barrage Agreement 4
3.2.2. The Koshi Project Agreement 4
3.2.3. The Gandak Irrigation and Power Project Agreement 5
3.2.4. The Tanakpur Barrage Agreement 5
3.2.5. The Treaty on the Integrated Development of the Mahakali River 6
3.3. AGREEMENTS BETWEEN BANGLADESH AND INDIA 7
3.3.1. Background 7
3.3.2. Agreements on the sharing of the Ganges flows 9
3.3.3. The Treaty on the Sharing of the Ganga/Ganges Waters at Farakka (12th December, 1996)…….. 10
3.3.4. Bangladesh-India Dispute over the Teesta and other shared Rivers 12
3.4. THE INDIA-PAKISTAN AGREEMENT ON THE INDUS RIVER BASIN: THE INDUS WATERS TREATY (IWT), 1960 14
3.4.1. Key Elements of the IWT 15
3.4.2. Implementation of IWT 16
3.4.3. Future Prospects 17
3.5. AGREEMENTS AND INSTITUTIONS RELATED TO SHARED TRANS-BOUNDARY RIVERS BEYOND SOUTH ASIA 18
3.5.1. THE MEKONG COMMISSION 19
3.5.2. THE NILE BASIN INITIATIVE 19
3.5.3. THE AMAZON COOPERATON TREATY ORGANZIATION (ACTO) 20
3.6. CONCULSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 20
3.1. INTRODUCTION
Six countries of South Asia¬¬—Afghanistan, Bangladesh,
Before 1863, Cambodia mainly served as a vassal territory for either the Thai or Vietnamese government. As stated earlier, King Norodom was seeking to end this cycle and gain power for Cambodia by signing a protection treaty with France. France viewed Cambodia as a buffer zone between southern Vietnam and British-aligned Siam. They hoped that by signing the treaty they would be protecting their own interests in southern Vietnam. In turn, Cambodia relied on French protection to stop Vietnamese invasions on the eastern border. On 11 August 1863, King Norodom signed a ‘treaty of friendship, commerce and French protection’ with the Breton sailor Admiral Pierre de La Grandière, whose gunboat was moored on the river
‘How does the United Nations support the millennium development goal of promoting environmental sustainability by limiting climate change in South and North America?’ This investigation shall focus on the previously mentioned question as this a very interesting topic to further research on, also as I believe that the UN has played an enormous role in promoting environmental sustainability in South and North America, and therefore would make a good topic to further research on. This topic is worthy of studying as by knowing of what many before us have done to protect and sustain the environment, we can look into aiding the environment to a
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Transit is generally the making of mutually beneficial arrangements for the use of waterways, roads and railways for bilateral trade and passage of goods between two countries or two places in one countrythrough the territory of the other. This system is not very uncommon since many countries in the world give transit to others for economic and political development and some countries like Egypt,Singapore,Russia is making a huge money through this system
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