INTRODUCTION
Tinospora crispa, an herbaceous climber from the family Menispermaceae that commonly grows wild in Asian countries including Malaysia. This indigenous climber plant known by various local names like patawali, akar seruntun or akar patawali. Traditionally people used patawali to reduce hypertension and glucose level in the blood, to treat fever, remedy for various ailments such as cough, asthma, tooth and stomach aches. The medicinal potential values of Tinospora crispa have been reported and approved by scientific studies. Besides its medicinal values, Tinospora crispa also has insecticidal property towards Macrotermes gilvus.
Cercospora was a form genus of imperfect fungi with long slender spores that cause plant diseases, and
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Potential for damage is often more obvious where levels of humidity and rainfall are high. High levels of disease can result from just a few infected plants since each spot produces numerous conidia or spores. The spores can be dispersal by windborne and may also be spread by splashing rain, irrigation water, insects, and human contact. This disease could be a potential thread in other new areas with similar agro-ecology especially on Dioscoreophyllum, Rhigiocarya, Tinospora and Menispermaceae crops.
MANAGEMENT, PREVENTION AND CONTROL
This disease can be managed by avoid overhead irrigation if it will result in prolonged leaf wetness periods. Proper cutting and reduction of plant leaves reduce water drop on leaf surface especially by dew and excess rain water.
Proper observance of planting distance allows sufficient sun light, air circulation and avoids disease to move from one planting into next. Removal and proper disposal of infected plant leaves need to be taken in order to avoid and controlling the spread of this disease. Where required to burn the infected plant tissues when
There is a risk of C. gattii in tropical areas and the Pacific Northwest. There are many factors that contribute to this risk. How it is transmitted, environmental causes, locations of infection, and prevention. It is important to understand the risk before traveling so you don’t become infected. To learn more about this risk we will look at areas in which the fungi exists, who’s susceptible, and how to keep from getting sick.
The organism adheres to the epithelial cells in its host by pilli. This opportunistic pathogen can affect people of all ages and specifically targets patients that have immune deficiencies, debilitating diseases, and infants in the NICU. Patients are at greater risk of contracting the organism if they have recently had a surgery, mechanical ventilation, central venous catheter, arterial catheterization, inhalation medication therapy, tracheal tubes, or have low apgar scores. It can cause a variety of diseases and infections such as urinary tract infections, meningitis, pneumonia, respiratory tract infections, keratoconjunctivitis, osteomyelitis, keratitis, endocarditis, cutaneous infections, and endophthalmitis. (Currey,
The different phases of the C. immitis life cycle is a saprobic phase which takes place while the fungus is in the soil and a parasitic phase which begins once the fungus is present in a host. As the fungus matures in the soil, arthroconidia, the pathogenic spores, form along the mycelia as alternating cells(Lewis, “Dust”). After the arthroconidia are fully matured they break off from the mycelia, becoming environmentally resistant spores that can live in the soil for months or years. The spores lie dormant, waiting for soil disruption from farming or construction to send them floating through the air. Once the spores are inhaled, the parasitic phase begins as the arthroconidia convert into large spherules that produce many small, single-celled endospores. The rupturing of the spherules causes the endospores to be spread throughout the lungs, infecting the bronchi and alveoli and starting the parasitic phase all over again with each endospore maturing into a spherule. The parasitic phase of C. immitis is fairly short, with a spore transforming to a rupture-ready spherule within five days after
Tinea capitis (TC) is a fungal infection of the scalp mostly seen on the scalp of children. Tinea capitis is caused by a superficial fungal infection that affects the skin of the scalp, eyebrows, eyelashes but with the greatest tendency to affect the hair shafts and hair follicles (Rayala & Morrell, 2017). The hallmark feature of Tinea capitis is coma hairs and corkscrew hairs (Elghblawi, 2017). These were not seen on patient EM hence it is ruled out.
Most members of the kingdom Fungi lack flagella; the structures are completely absent in all stages of their life cycle. The only
se that is endemic to the southwest United States (California, Arizona, Utah, Texas, Nevada, and New Mexico), Mexico, Central America, and South America [1]. Disease infection results from inhaling the spores from soil fungus Coccidioides immitis or Coccidioides posadasii [1]. The two fungi are located in separate regional locations, however, studies have shown that they are relatively identical and manifest the disease in the same way. Calling home in arid, desert areas, Coccidioidomycosis spores are found in lower elevations, 4 inches or more under sandy soil. They are endemic in areas with less than 20 inches of rain per year [1]. The most common opportunity to become infected is when the soil is disrupted by construction, entertainment
Thresholds similar to red-legged earth mites, crop damage a main determinate in wether control is needed.
A steady increase in the types and number of organ transplants was seen after the 1970’s largely due to the success of an immunosuppressant isolated from Tolypocladium inflatum. One of the many inconspicuous creatures found in soil is the fungus Tolypocladium inflatum, which is a major contributor in the field of immunopharmacology. Belonging to the phylum Ascomycota (Bushley et al. 2013), T.inflatum is an asexual reproductive stage of Cordyceps subsessilis, a very rare stage of the fungus (Hodge et al. 1996). Interestingly, this was discovered in Cornell University when students collected a beetle infected with the fungi. Later, Professor Hodge
In the southwest of the United states, coccidioides immitis and C posadasii, fungal pathogens that cause valley fever in humans, have usually been located in hot, dry states like California, Arizona, and Utah, but recently it has also moved to Washington State, which is considered a humid state. This situation shows how climate change is having an effect on this state by making it dryer and allowing these pathogens to habituate and spread here. Furthermore, in Arizona, the annual cases of valley fever increased from 33 to 43/100,000 people between 1998 and 2001 (Benjamin H., 2017). This was due to longer dry seasons caused by climate change, and windier storms that spread fungal spores.
To stop it from spreading to things like clothing, bedding or people, you can wrap the area infected with a bandage.
How can it be contracted? Having minor cuts, insect bites, and abrasion can contract the disease. It can lead to serious fatal damage if not treated right.
Treatment for infected people involve antibiotics, steroids, intensive care, and droplet precautions. Prophylactic antibiotics are usually given to prevent the spread of the disease to those in close contact of the infected people.
Fungal diseases can be detrimental to the health of many organisms in the ecosystem and extremely hard to control the spread. Three once commom tree species in North America have been devastatingly impacted by the spread of Dutch Elm disease, Chestnut blight, and Butternut canker.
A study of Hong Kong cases revealed that several factors contributed to the spread and treatment of this virus. These included weather, quarantine, personal protective gear, and possibly animal transmission (Lin, Yee-Tak Fong, Zhu, & Karlberg, 2005).
The Latin word for mushroom is fungus (plural, fungi). The word fungus has come to stand for a whole group of simple plants that contain no chlorophyll and lack such complex plant structures as roots, stems, leaves, and flowers. Included among the fungi, along with mushrooms, are molds, mildews, rusts, smuts, truffles, and yeasts. Toadstool is another name for mushroom. Some people use the name toadstool only when referring to poisonous mushrooms, but botanists make no such distinction. A general scientific term for fungi is mycota, from the Greek word for mushroom, mykes, and the study of these organisms is called mycology.