Cholesterol
It is an important lipid found in the blood (Kanakavalli et al., 2014). Cholesterol is a vital substance produced by the body and is also ingested from animal-derived foods. It can either be good or bad. At normal levels, it is essential in the body but if levels get too high then it may cause us harm (MacGill, 2015). Cholesterol allows the body to produce vitamin D, which promotes calcium absorption in the gut and it also maintains serum calcium and phosphate concentrations for normal mineralization of bone (Food and Nutrition Board, 2010).
Lipoprotein
Lipoproteins are spherical particles made up of hundreds of lipids and protein molecule. They carry hydrophilic plasma lipids such as cholesterol, triglycerides and phospholipids
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They are released into the bloodstream to provide triglycerides in body tissues. High levels of VLDL is associated with the development of plaque deposits in the arterial wall (Lopez-Jimenez, 2015). Low density lipoproteins (LDL) is made by the liver to transport cholesterol. These may form deposits on walls of arteries and other blood vessels which may cause heart attack, stroke and formation of plaques in arterial body walls (webmd.com). As triglyceride is removed from VLDL, intermediate density lipoproteins (IDL) are formed. These intermediate density lipoprotein also promote plaque formation in the walls of arteries. All of the following types of lipoprotein mainly causes harmful effects if not monitored, however there is one good type of lipoprotein which is called high density lipoprotein. HDL collects phospholipids, cholesterol and triglycerides to be transported in the liver for it to be broken down (Smith, 2015). High concentrations of HDL correspond to healthy blood vessels and low risk of atherosclerosis, this is mainly the reason why it is called the “good cholesterol” (Kanakavalli et al., …show more content…
They are classified into brown algae (Phaeophyta), red algae (Rhodophyta), and green algae (Chlorophyta). Seaweeds often resembles non-arboreal, terrestrial plants. They have this root-like structure that can attach to a substrate but does not absorb nutrients and is called holdfast. Lamina a structure that looks like a leaf and the thallus which is the body of the seaweeds (New World Encyclopedia, 2015).
Seaweeds are rich in soluble dietary fibers, proteins, minerals, vitamins, antioxidants, phytochemicals and polyunsaturated fatty acids (Mohamed et.al, 2012). It also has an impressive amount of nutrients like vitamin A, B-6 and C, iodine and fiber plus a low calorie count (Sifferlin, 2013).
It is one of the living renewable resources of the ocean with potential food applications (Kumar, 2011). Seaweed consumption is popular in in Asian countries. In the Philippines, out of the 350 species to known to have economic values, less than 5% are commercially important (Marquez, et al., 2014). Seaweeds, aside from human food consumption, it is also used in cosmetics, fertilizers and as energy collectors (Guiry, 2000).
Kelp forests are seen as the ultimate ecological engineer in coastal areas. They exist in marine environments spanning in southern California, Aleutian Islands, and the western north Atlantic. Light, latitude, and water temperature and nutrients all play a role in facilitating the growth of kelp forests all around the world, (Bolton). Kelp specifically dominates the shallow rocky coasts of the world‘s cold water marine habitats. Although they look as a free-growing plant, they are in fact primarily of brown algae. These structures provide food and shelter to a huge mix of biota, including crabs, sea urchins, mollusks, and other marine organisms (Steneck). The fronds, or large leaves of the kelp are the distinctive feature that can represent where a specific kelp may be found. The sizes of these organisms can range from the smallest found near California and Alaska at 5m to giant kelp up to 45m in length found on the west coasts of North and South America (Hamilton).
Cholesterol is a waxy lipid found in all body cells; it has a structure containing multiple chemical rings and is found only in foods of animal origin.
Chapter 5 The Lipids: Triglycerides, Phospholipids, and Sterols 1. What is a trans fat, in your description briefly explain the chemical composition? Fats found in nature are normally cis meaning hydrogens next to double bonds are on the same side of the carbon chain. In trans fats, the hydrogen atom on the double bond are on the opposite sides of the carbon chain. Trans fats act like saturated fats which increase cholesterol for a higher risk of heart disease.
LDL deposits cholesterol in the arteries which cause plaque that restrict blood flow and increase the risk of a heart attack. (Timberlake, 2014, pg. 535)
Sugerman, Deborah Tolmach. "Blood Lipids." Jama Patient Page Hyperlipidemia. N.p., 23 Oct. 2013. Web. 15 Nov. 2016.
Each lipoprotein has a unique infrared spectrum showing differences in lipid concentration and protein conformation (Figure 4). Both, trout and human lipoproteins, showed similar IR patterns, being the ratios between protein and lipid around 60:40 for HDLs, 50:50 for LDLs and 80:20 for VLDLs. The lipid band (1780-1700 cm-1) has its maximum located at the interval of 1735-1738 cm- 1 and is due to the cholesterol ester fraction in HDLs and LDLs whereas in VLDL is located at 1744 cm-1 corresponding to triglycerides fatty acids {Krilov, 2009 #28;Nara, 2002 #27}. In addition, Amide I Band in LDL and VLDL has a characteristic shoulder at 1618 cm-1 which was assigned to -strands embedded in the phospholipid monolayer in apolipoprotein B {Banuelos, 1995
Cholesterol can build up on the inner walls of arteries forming thick hard plaque deposits that make the arteries less flexible and cause narrowing. This narrowing can cause a slowing of the blood flow to your heart. A reduced blood flow means less oxygen can get to your heart, and this is coronary heart disease. If a clot forms and blocks the artery,
Lipids are molecules that contain hydrocarbons and make up the building blocks of the structure and function of living cells. (Dr. Ananya Mandal, MD, 10/09/2012, Para.1) The lipids that are usually in our foods are fats and oils. Lipids are hydrophobic, meaning they have little or no affinity for water. (Neil A. Campbell,
Also it is important on where the fat is carried on the body that contribe to health problems. Belly fat for example is stored deep below the skin, causing it to be surrounded by the organs and liver. Saturated and trans fats are big ones to try and avoid. These types of fats are known to increase the risk of diseses and high cholesterol. Foods that include Saturated fats tend to be, cuts of meat like beef and pork, chicken but with the skin, whole-fat dairy products, butter, cheese, palm/coconut oil and many more. Trans fat foods include things like, baked goods, margarine, fried foods, potato chips, etc. Knowing the type of "bad fat" to look out for is important, but so is knowing what the "good fats" are. Monounsturated fats are found in olive/canola/sunflower/peanut/sesame oils, Avocados, olives and nuts. There is also Polyunsaturated fats that include, Soybean/corn/safflower oils, walnuts, Seeds such as sunflower, sesame, pumpkin and flaxseeds, fatty fish like salmon and tuna, soymilk and tofu. These types of fats have heath benifits because they are good for the heart and also cholesterol. Fats disgest differently than the other molecules dessuted earlier, because the fat does not dissolve into the the disgestive juices. Bile which is produced by the liver but is stored in the gallbladder, are able to attach to the fat molcules and break it up into smaller particles, but lipase which is a fat-disgesting enzyme can break it down. It gets broke down into fatty acids and chlesterol which are then absorbed through the intestinal wall to the bloodstream. The fat is then stored in the body to be used as energy when it is
As mentioned before, CAD is caused by the unwanted build-up of plaque within the walls of the coronary arteries which leads to restriction of blood flow to the heart (Mayo Clinic, 2017). Risk factors that are associated with increasing one’s chance of developing CAD are high cholesterol, smoking, high blood pressure, diabetes/obesity, sedentary lifestyle, high stress, and family history (Mayo Clinic, 2017). There are two forms of cholesterol that travel within the blood: HDL (High-Density Lipoprotein) known as the good cholesterol and LDL (Low-Density Lipoprotein) known as the bad cholesterol. High cholesterol is correlated with high levels of LDL cholesterol and low levels of HDL cholesterol. The reason high cholesterol levels increase
The Great Barrier Reef has many species that depend on seagrass not only for food but for a habitat and a nursery. Most of the animals that use sea grass for a habitat like juvenile and small adult fish, use the seagrass to escape from larger predators. Species such as clams, worms, crabs, starfishes, sea cucumbers, and sea urchins, use the seagrasses for protection against strong currents. Animals like blue swimmer crabs, prawns, western rock lobster and fish use seagrass as a nursery to protect themselves from predators, they also use seagrass leaves are also an attachment for their larvae and eggs.
Our body make 2000mg every single day and every single cell in our body make cholesterol. HDL levels appear to be strongly influenced by a mixture of genetic and environmental factors. Besides taking medication, there are other ways to boost the HDL levels which are do moderate exercise about 30 minutes five times a week. You can also even do the brisk walking to raise up your HDL levels. Other than that, Eat healthy by including lots of fruits, vegetables, whole grains and lean sources of protein in your diet. Also be sure to include monounsaturated fats in your diet. These are fats that are beneficial to your heart and include the fats found in seafood, and certain nuts, such as walnuts or almonds. Oils containing monounsaturated fat include olive oil and canola oil. Be sure to avoid saturated fats and trans-fats, since these fats not only lower HDL, but can also raise LDL levels. These fats are commonly found in foods such as cookies, chips, cakes, and fast foods. Higher levels of HDL cholesterol are generally associated with lower cardiac risk. There are several lifestyle choices we can all make that will reduce our cardiac risk in general, and our HDL levels in
That does not mean it is not effective in helping the body. Research supports a role for it in a variety of health ailments. Historically, eating brown seaweed was thought to help with allergies, inflammation, hypertension, as well as infection caused by bacteria or viruses.
Another member of the padina family, the P. pavonica, has an interesting way of reproducing, and I assume that most of the padina also propagate the same way. The P. pavonica can reproduce two ways: one way to do so is by producing diploid spores that develop into new algae. Another way to do so is by way of sexual reproducing – producing haploid gametes. This method, however, is quite rare and the algae usually reproduce by way of diploid spores. Some time after the new alga begins to form, it attaches to the rock, shell, or bed. Although it may seem as if the algae are all connected together, in reality, they are all individual algae tightly packed together.
High cholesterol is one of the most common diseases that occur in today's society. According to Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 71 million American adults have high LDL "bad" cholesterol. When cholesterol levels are normal, they normally do not harm the body since cholesterol can be beneficial to the body. However, if excess amounts of cholesterol are in the body, it can become a threat. "Cholesterol is a waxy substance that plays an important role in building cell membranes and sex hormones" (Overview). The certain types of food you consume on a daily basis may affect the cholesterol levels in your blood. There are two types of cholesterol, which is your HDL (high density lipoprotein), "good", cholesterol, and your LDL (low density lipoprotein), which are the "bad" cholesterol. It is critical that an individual maintains his or her cholesterol levels because he or she can increase their risk of cardiovascular disease. LDLs are known to carry cholesterol into your arteries and clog them, which can cause strokes and heart attacks. On the other hand, HDL, help eliminate cholesterol from the arterial vessels and transport it to the liver, which is then defecated with body waste. According to Sroda, an individual's total cholesterol should be less than 200, LDL levels should be less than 130,