A Critical Comparison Of Pneumonia

Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) has a seasonal and yearly incidence, usually between November and April. It is responsible for high infant morbidity and mortality worldwide.. By the first year of life, 60% of children are infected, and almost 100% are infected by 2 years of age. (Saso,&Kampmann,2016). The more common age for hospitalizations occur between 2-3 months of age, and is the leading cause of infants being hospitalized in the developed world, accounting for 2 % of admissions during the winter season. (geerdink,Pillay,Meyalard,2015). The natural RSV infection in those younger than 6 months does not adequately develop a long-lasting immunological response, making reoccurrence of infection likely to reoccur. RSV is an infection that causes cold-like illness that can also cause otitis media, rhinitis, bronchitis, croup, and, pneumonia. Although RSV can cause different reactions, Bronchiolitis is the most common form of occurrence in the pediatric population. This virus is very caustic to the respiratory lining for vulnerable infants, that it increases the risk for respiratory diseases in later years of childhood.

The pathway I have selected to discuss from pervious placement is the Pneumonia pathway. The national agenda I have chosen heading this topic is the National Institute for Health and care Excellence (NICE). Under the pneumonia pathway I will concentrate on the “Adult with community acquired pneumonia path which is within the pathway. Pneumonia, is a lower respiratory tract infection in which there is an inflammation of the lung(s) caused by a bacterial, viral or fungal infection. Streptococcus pneumoniae is the most

According to the World Health Organization, “of the 75 million children under five in Africa a million and a half die each year of pneumonia.” As distressing and sad as this statistic is, it points out the great danger pneumococcus still is to young people in the developing world. It’s in the developed world, but at a time before antibiotics, at a time when acute respiratory ailments posed an even greater but still preventable threat to the younger set that concerns us here and that inspires a deeper look at the full implications of respiratory disease. The WHO goes on to say that acute respiratory infection (ARI) “is one of five conditions which account for more than

The clinical manifestations of pneumonia will be different according to the causative organism and the patient’s underlying conditions and/or comorbidities (Smeltzer, et al). Some of the manifestations are

Pneumonia is an inflammation or infection of the lungs most commonly caused by a bacteria or virus. Pneumonia can also be caused by inhaling vomit or other foreign substances. In all cases, the lungs' air sacs fill with pus , mucous, and other liquids and cannot function properly. This means oxygen cannot reach the blood and the cells of the body.

This paper explores Pneumonia and the respiratory disease process associated with bacterial and viral pathogens most commonly located in the lung. The paper examines the process, symptoms and treatments most commonly viewed in patient cases of Pneumonia. My goal is to educate the reader and to warn of the

One of the most common places for the spread of infectious diseases are schools and daycare centers. Children can easily contract diseases from infected objects and from other children. Influenza is a viral respiratory illness affecting thousands of children and adults each year. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2013), an average of 20,000 children under the age of 5 suffer from flu-related complications and end up hospitalized every year. In addition to respiratory illnesses, children also contract gastrointestinal and skin illnesses in schools and daycare centers. Respiratory illness and gastrointestinal illness both rank as major causes of morbidity in young children. Prevention is the best defense against

Pneumonia is an inflammation of the lung which results into an excess of fluid or pus accumulating into the alveoli of the lung. Pneumonia impairs gas exchange which leads to hypoxemia and is acquire by inhaling a contagious organism or an irritating agent. (Ignatavicius & Workman, 2013). Fungal, bacteria and viruses are the most common organisms that can be inhale. Pneumonia could be community-acquired or health care associated. Community –acquired pneumonia (CAP) occurs out of a healthcare facility while health care associated pneumonia (HAP) is acquired in a healthcare facility. HAP are more resistant to antibiotic and patients on ventilators and those receiving kidney dialysis have a higher risk factor. Infants, children and the elderly also have a higher risk of acquiring pneumonia due to their immune system inability to fight the virus. Pneumonia can also be classified as aspiration pneumonia if it arises by inhaling saliva, vomit, food or drink into the lungs. Patients with abnormal gag reflex, dysphagia, brain injury, and are abusing drug or alcohol have a higher risk of aspiration pneumonia (Mayo Clinic, 2013). In the case of patient E.O., this patient had rhonchi in the lower lobe and the upper lobe sound was coarse and diminished. Signs and symptoms of pneumonia include difficulty breathing, chest pain, wheezing, fever, headache, chills, cough, confusion, pain in muscle or

According to UNICEF 2012 data, Pneumonia is the single largest killer of children under age 5 worldwide and the leading infectious cause of childhood mortality. It also accounts for 17 per cent of all under-five deaths and killed 3,000 children a day in 2012 (1.1 million that year). Most of its victims were less than 2 years old. On the other hand, diarrhea is also ascribed a leading killer of children, which accounts for 9 per cent of all deaths among children under age 5 worldwide. This translated into 1,600 young children dying each day, or more than 580,000 children a year. The bulk of this mind blowing statistics occur among children less than 2 years of age living in South Asia and sub-Saharan Africa. Many studies have investigated

Pneumonia is an illness of the lower respiratory tract in which the lungs become inflamed and congested and alveolar spaces are filled with fluid and cells-polymorphs and lymphocytes (Mandell L.A). It is an inflammatory condition of the lung and it is one of the most serious infections, causing two million deaths annually among the young and elderly. Pneumonia is the largest killer, accounting for 28% to 34% of all child deaths below five years of age in low-income countries and is an important cause of mortality in the elderly in high-income countries (Suárez).

Acute bronchitis is one of the five top reasons to seek medical care in the United States. The incidence of acute bronchitis is typically higher in fall and winter season, accounting for 82% of the cases (Fayyaz, 2014). It affects full spectrum of population including any age group, gender and demographics. The incidence of acute bronchitis accounts for 36 million office visits annually (Blush, 2013). Although it can be seen in variety of patients, children tend to get acute bronchitis as many 6 times a year where as adults acquire about two to four on average every year (Blush, 2013). These

According to the CDC about 2.5 million of the 10.5 million deaths worldwide per year among children (age < 5yrs) are caused by diseases for which vaccines are available [1]. Before the middle of the last century, diseases like whooping cough, polio, measles, haemophilus influenzae, and rubella struck hundreds of thousands of infants, children and adults in the U.S. [1,2]. Thousands died every year from them [1]. As vaccines were developed and became widely used,

M. pneumoniae is generally referred to as primary atypical or walking pneumonia because the symptoms are not as sever as pneumonia. The symptoms include a dry hacking cough, fever, and headache. The symptoms will last for about 2 to 3 weeks. M. pneumoniae affects people worldwide. Typically only 33 % of people who have M. pneumoniae will get atypical pneumonia. The majority, 77 %, will come down with an upper tract infection (tracheaobronchitis). (Pulmonary Disorders pg 609) M. pneumoniae is transmitted through aerosol droplets. The bacterium is capable of infecting anyone at any time but it has a pattern of coming in the fall and winter and causing an outbreak every 4 to 8 years, although more tight communities occur more frequently. The pathogen rarely occurs on children less than 4 years of age. Since the bacterium lacks a cell wall, B-lactums are futile against them. The body’s immune system is responsible for killing the pathogen. There were 2 million cases in the US with 100,000 requiring hospitalization. The mortality rate is very low with only occasional fatalities among the elderly and sickle cell anemia persons. ( ).

Pneumonia is a form of acute respiratory infection which is caused by a bacterium called Streptococcus pneumoniae. Pneumonia is transmitted via air-borne droplets from coughing and sneezing, and it may also spread through blood. In 2015, pneumonia killed 15 percent of all deaths in children under the age of five, becoming the leading cause of death in children all over the world (World Health Organization [WHO], 2015a). Many efforts were made to reduce the prevalence of pneumonia, including the free vaccination program in 2011 against pneumonia in Kenya, which is supported by WHO and GAVI Alliance (WHO, 2015b). However, in 2012, Kenya was still ranked among the 15 countries with the highest number of deaths caused by pneumonia, suggesting problems with the current policies (Onyango, Kikuvi, Amukoye, & Omolo, 2012). This paper will evaluate these existing policies and discuss potential solutions to overcome the epidemic of pneumonia in Kenya.

In 2006, the United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF) and the World Health Organization (WHO) 1 published the report, Pneumonia: The forgotten killer of children which identified pneumonia as one of the world’s leading causes of childhood mortality accounting for one in five under-five deaths. The fourth Millennium Development Goal (MDG) from the 2000 summit is to reduce under-five mortality rate by two-thirds by 20151. With its significant contribution to under-five mortality, reduction of the childhood pneumonia mortality is essential to achieving this goal.