Year 1 Design Project Week Report
DESALINATION
Important
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Name: Oluchi Eziuche Emenike
Date: 2nd May, 2014
Summary (max 250 words)
The design project was about a desalination process making use of superheated steam from the solar system as electricity and using waste heat in the heat exchangers to produce pure water which can be used for domestic activities. Basic data was provided and some assumptions were made to aid the mass and energy balance.
After the mass and energy balance was completed and the flow rates and salt content for all streams obtained, the heat duty required by each heat exchanger was also estimated from the values obtained in the mass and energy balance and also using the specific heats required. The heat transfer area of the heat exchangers were calculated as well based on the heat duty, heat transfer coefficient of each heat exchanger and the log mean temperature difference which was found by determining the temperatures of the hot and cold fluids in and
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-Article 1- Ghaffour, N., M. Missimer, T., & L. Amy, G. (2013). Desalination (Technical review and evaluation of the economics of water desalination: Current and future challenges for better water supply sustainability) (Vol. 309, pp. 197-207). Thuwal.
It begins sea water to enter the sea water intakes through the refineries so as to prevent impurities from entering the sea water pumps, which in turn pumped seawater evaporators. After that, sea water mix with sodium hypochlorite when sea water intakes before entering the evaporator in order to process biological material sticking out. This solution (sol) is treated in tanks and then is injected through the pumps in specific amount on demand. There are electric power plates next to the sea water intakes for distribute electricity power that feed pumps and other electrically equipment’s, as there is also a measurement required for this equipment and control devices. The seawater moves
Should California start to desalinate Ocean water? California should not start to desalinate ocean water
The water-energy tradeoff with desalination is apparent than any other options, given its energy intensity. Table 5.5 compiled some indicators to illustrate the resource features in provinces with desalination capacity. The majority of the present capacity is located in the most water and energy stressed provinces along the east coast. Desalination might be pursuable in some remote southern island, where freshwater availability has posed a constraint on basic human need. But it is still debatable whether large-scale desalination is a good choice for the water deficient north. From the nexus perspective, investing in more desalination projects in water-energy stressed areas could worsen their power shortage by adding more demand.
The Perth Desalination plant cost a total of $387 million. The annual running costs equals $20 million which equates to less than one dollar per week per household. The water produced from the plant has been estimated to cost $1.17/kl. The plant uses 180GWh/year and is sourced from Emu Downs Wind Farm, a local renewable energy generator near Geraldton and Cervantes. Although Desalination uses more energy than other water sources (i.e. gravity feeding water out of a dam). Different measures have been put in place to make the plant as economical and environmentally sustainable such as using energy from a sustainable source and by choosing the Reverse Osmosis technology. Reverse Osmosis is more economical and environmentally sustainable than other
Another argument opposing desalination is the environmental concerns. Many believe that since ocean water is being extracted, marine life will be disturbed. Therefore, affecting the entire ecosystem: “With the majority of desalination plants extracting water directly through open water intakes in the ocean, there is a direct impact on marine life. Fish and other marine organisms are killed on the intake screens (impingement); organisms small enough to pass through, such as plankton, fish eggs, and larvae, are killed during processing of the salt water (entrainment). The impacts on the marine environment, even for a single desalination plant, may be subject to daily, seasonal, annual, and even decadal variation, and are likely to be species- and site-specific” (Cooley).
The process of removing various salts and minerals from water through evaporation and condensation is called solar-powered desalination. Though humans use expensive equipment to speed up the process, water desalination occurs organically (“Desalination - An Overview”). In the water cycle, water increasingly becomes hotter because of the Sun. Eventually, it evaporates and leaves behind the salts and minerals it contained. When warm air containing the water vapor comes into contact with a cool surface, water droplets form; this process is called condensation. For example. water droplets can be found on a glass of lemonade if left outside on a hot summer day. This is because the glass is cool and the air is warm. ("When a Cup Is Cold, and Creates
Imagine a world where seawater is the primary source of drinking water for almost all countries. This water could provide towns and cities with safe, regulation-abiding nourishment, equipped with all the minerals and purifiers added to modern drinking water. Of course, drinking straight seawater day after day would not only taste unpleasant, it would be harmful to a person’s body. The briny mixture would have to be filtered and treated in processes similar to how wastewater is treated. But wastewater does not contain nearly as much saline as seawater, so an additional process must be put into place to fully treat seawater that is to be turned into safe drinking water. This process is called desalination, and it is already being put into practice in several different areas around the world. It has helped pull countries out of droughts and other natural disasters. Desalination is not flawless, however, and more research on cost, environmental impacts, and energy efficiency, needs to be conducted before considering it a sustainable drinking water system that the entire world can rely on.
Freshwater is the most essential renewable resource for life, food production and industrial development. It is expected in the future soon the clean water resources will be deducted by one-third. The difficulty to purify water and the high cost to transport aggravates the problem of water deficits. Therefore, the exploitation of seawater and brackish-water desalination has drawn unprecedented attention. Desalination is a possibility choice to produce drinking water from Saline water, although most desalination processes are energy-consuming and expensive. The main desalination technologies currently used are reverse osmosis, electrodialysis, and distillation. A drawback of the conventional desalination technologies is the intensive consumption of energy. Whereas, energy consumption has increased with an enormous trend In the last decades. Fossil fuels are a common type of non-renewable which include a huge portion of energy consumption. Despite of being nonrenewable, fossil fuels also negatively affect the human life by the emission of carbon dioxide. This limitation turn energy crisis eyes into renewable energy sources such as solar energy or energy produced from wind and water. As a result, one of the lately suggested alternative energy sources is fuel cell (FC). FC has several advantages over other types of energy generators such as zero pollution and higher efficiency.
As the drought bakes its way toward a fourth year, the state has a string of secret weapons in the works that could supply millions of gallons of new drinking water and help stave off disaster: desalination plants.
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