3. Literature Review
There is a large amount of relevant material available regarding the short term economic impacts of hosting the Olympic Games. There is however very little literature written on the post-games era and the economic development it brings to a nation. The economic impact of staging an Olympic Games can be hard to measure accurately.
A number of studies exist that illustrate the economic impact of hosting the Olympic Games, often predicting large economic benefits. Humphreys and Plummer (1995), state that the short term economic impact to Atlanta hosting the 1996 was an estimated $5.1 billion.
A study by Andersen (1999, p. 1) stated that from 1994, when the Sydney 2000 Olympic Games were announced, the Games generated a
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A good example of a well-managed post-Olympic game era is London 2012. All new venues will either be developed into world-class professional arenas for specific sport as there is a desired need or turned into community use facilities, predominately for the newly re-developed Stratford area. A good example of well managed post-game era facilities at the Olympic Park is the Olympic Village which will be transformed into 2800 homes. Another example is the Basketball Arena which has been totally dismantled and the land used as an open-air concert venue which did not exist in this party of London prior to the games. The Queen Elizabeth Olympic Park has played host to various large concerts, including Hard Rock Calling and Electric Daisy Festival.
Weymouth sailing Academy was an example of the London 2012 post-games era campaign that was less successful than expected. Tourism in the Weymouth area did not grow as expected, a park and ride service was set up and hotels were built and redeveloped with little or no economic gain coming from them. Road layouts were also changed to improve traffic management, angering locals. The Academy itself has been successful however.
Other studies are doubtful about the economic benefits of hosting an Olympic Games, examples of this are Baade and Matheson (2002) and Owen (2005). Both studies state how much of an economic burden holding a mega-event is, also claiming that improving the infrastructure of a host nation
In document 5, Japan was in a struggle economically due to world war 2 which put Japan in a large set back. Since the olympic games bring all sorts of foreigners to the country, this helped Japan rebuild and rise to trading due to the money that the foreigners brought with them. Additionally, Japan did not want others to think that just after loss, that they should be seen with “defeated-enemy syndrome,” so they decided to host the olympics to show others that they are doing fine. In addition, in document 7, the author talks about how countries that sponsored the seoul olympics will hinder profits. Korea’s decision to not sponsor was a bad choice because they were giving up economic benefits. Since korea failed to advertise their industrial and economic power, the olympics were not able to help profit
There are quite a few factors that shaped the modern-day Olympics from 1892 to 2002. Pierre de Coubertin states that he wanted to create the Olympics to spread world peace. He does this by substituting war for friendly sports competitions (doc 1). Of course, there were some bumps in the road while trying to achieve this utopia. Some factors that have changed the Olympics are the allowing of women being able to compete in the Olympics, women’s suffrage, nationalism, wars, and economic conditions (doc 2-7).
When Australia won the bid for the Olympics, the total estimated cost for Sydney to host the Games was $3 billion.
Mihalik, B. J. (2000). Host population perceptions of the 1996 Atlanta Olympics: Attendance, support, benefits and liabilities. In J. Allen, R. Harris, L.
There is an argument as to whether or not the United States should bid to host the Olympic Games. There are many positive and negative reasons as to help decide whether it will be or not be a good idea. Some positive reasons would be improvements in all types of transport, increase potentially in tourism and business activity. Some of the negative aspects would be potential costs and burdens to the community and an increase in costs and taxes. Many people are going back and forth arguing over this topic. The United States should bid to host the Olympic Games.
The Olympic games originated in Athens in 776 B.C. The more popular modern day Olympic games began nearly 2300 years later in 1896. The games no longer represented a religious festival, but a sports competition instead. The games can be studied via multiple aspects such as political, social, and economic, but this paper will concentrate on the economic aspect of the games and more specifically, the macroeconomic impacts the games possess.
The Olympic Games are recognized globally by billions of people. This event is the biggest sporting event not only because it comes once every four years, but also because the world’s best athletes come together to compete for world fame and glory. Hosting the games seems like an honor for most people, however there is numerous risks involved
As a sporting mega-event, the Olympic Games have numerous social impacts on the people, not only on those from the host country, but on individuals all over the globe.
The legacy of the 2012 London Olympic Games left a lasting impression on the world stage. After all, the opening and closing ceremonies, and the games themselves were an unforgettable experience for millions of people across the globe. However, it was the host city and the British Isles that truly benefited from this monumental event.
Are the Olympic Games a waste of money? The Olympic Games are an international event where athletes from every country come together to compete. Many fans and spectators attend this event to cheer for their country. The number of spectators keeps on increasing every four years as the event gets more popular. As this is an international event the cost of hosting it is huge. The total output of the 1976 Montreal Games was $1.48 billion whilst the 2012 London Games was a total of $14.6 billion. Stadiums are built for different disciplines, national representatives are invited to perform in the opening and closing ceremony, as a result the stadiums need a high level of security. Where the hosting country receives the money from, whom it will benefit and what it does to the country, will be the three main points I will be covering in this essay.
Higham (1999) discusses that there are numerous problems, which will be evaluated with hosting an Olympic games such as, development issues, local resident issues, short-term affects, and security issues. In terms of development issues, there is a significant cost dealing with large scale sporting events, and economic benefits are generally received more by big time business interests not the host community. So the host community doesn’t benefit as much as they potentially could by hosting the
Countries utilize both the vast market and the attractiveness to increase ticket sales, sales in merchandise and tourism in their country. For the 2012 Olympic in London, it was estimated that 471,000 people visited from overseas primarily for the Olympic/Paralympics. ("Visits to the UK for the London 2012 Olympic Games and Paralympics - ONS", 2013, p. xx-xx) Not only does the country benefit from the ticket sales, but other businesses in the city (Hotels, restaurants, attractions, etc.) will flourish in business due to all the international trades that are occurring. The Olympic also provide jobs since the preparation, and the execution of the event requires a large staff as well as people with different skills. (Performers, construction workers, marketers, designers, etc.) Thanks to the Olympics, the United Kingdom saw a boost of £9.9 Billion ($17,805,486,600 CAD) in trades and investments. ("London 2012 Olympics 'have boosted UK economy by £9.9bn'", 2013) Hosting the Olympics can also make a psychological impact. With the great success Japan had in hosting the 1964 Olympics, (the first Asia Olympics as well as a method of being reaccepted by the rest of the world after World War Two), news that Japan will be hosting the Olympics 2020 significantly brought their citizen’s morale up after being hit with
After the 1984 Los Angeles Games showed for the first time that mega-events could produce an economic surplus, mega-sport events, particularly the Olympic Games, acquired central status for city and national government development agendas (Andranovich, Burbank and Heying, 2001). And the appeal of hosting a mega-event, or more specifically a mega-sport event, has grown significantly over the
Olympic Games, as a global event, any Olympic Games will have a different impact on the environment, society, culture and economy of the host city and country. Especially since the 1980s, with the scale continues to expand, the impact of the Games on the host city and country of more concern. Another important issue will be social communities. For Olympic Games host city, it will has lots of change, like environment, social communities, local economic, etc.… But the host city still got something attractions and cultural staff. For example, Canada Whistler Winter Olympic Games, First, because of economic development, job opportunities increase, leading to increased consumer demand. Second, the Olympic Games will have a great demand for
Sports have always been one of the major factors of the society and economy. Back in Ancient Greece, the homeland of the Olympic games, the Greeks believed that a healthy body was very important and sports played an important part of the society. Nowadays, the sport industry has grown to a direct and indirect economic impact of the countries, with organizations and sport events that have fans and supporters from all over the planet that are willing to spend a great amount of money in order to show their support for their favorite team, player or club. That happens because sports entertain people by watching their favorite sport teams play in some of the sports mega-events.