Equity and Engagement
In a 2008-2009 ethnographic case study of four fifth grade classrooms with varying levels of Native American student enrollment, Stone and Hamann (2012) seek the reasons for performance disparity amongst American Indian students’ attending schools that implemented inquiry-based mathematics through the Investigations, an inquiry-based math curriculum. Additionally, Stone and Hamann (2012) examine what, if any strategy existed at the fourth school that explained high achievement amongst all student groups. Employing multilevel modeling of the Early Childhood Longitudinal Study—Kindergarten Cohort of 1998–1999 (ECLS-K) Robinson (2013) examines the association amongst the influences of poverty, math achievement, and behavioral
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Analysis
Comparison and Implications
Equity remains one of NCTM’s six principles for school mathematics. “Excellence in mathematics education requires equity—high expectations and strong support for all students” (National Council of Teachers of Mathematics, 2000) When teachers maintain low expectations for marginalized student populations they deemphasize tasks that require higher order thinking such as problem-solving. “The stereotype of Black students being underachievers is maintained by the social context of schooling, teachers’ attitudes and practices, and how Black youth themselves take up or act upon the underachiever stereotype” (James, 2012, p. 482). Likewise, when teachers maintain high expectations students act upon these expectations. Teachers that maintain raised expectations presume students are capable of moving beyond basic computations towards applying these skills towards problem solving. Stone and Hamann contend that it remains necessary to “account for
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59). Furthermore, Stone and Hamann (2012) state, “Ultimately, these four sites did not lend themselves to a direct test of whether or how inquiry-based mathematics education was helping American Indian elementary students or reducing achievement gaps” (p. 61). Implementation of Investigations garnered universally higher scores, however the impact on the achievement gap remained marginal (Stone & Hamann, 2012). Consequently, Stone sought alternative agents of change, which had the potential to affect American Indian students’ math achievement. Stone and Hamann shifted their focus to observable differences in culture at each of the schools. The modification in the research focus led to the valuable insight that high expectations correlates with improved mathematics scores among all student groups. Although Mueller and Maher’s (2010) study consists of the smallest cohort, the student participants most closely align with the participant group selected for this action research project. Mueller and Maher (2010) offer two vignettes, which provide a rich description of both teacher, and student actions, which led to successful problem-solving in the study. A significant weakness in the study remains a dearth of baseline and summative data. The credibility of the research would be significantly enhanced through
Culture is defined as the traditions, customs, norms, beliefs, values and thought patterning passed down from generation to generation (Jandt 2010). The world consists of many different cultures. In this Ethnographic Interview, I was given the opportunity to explore and learn more about a culture different from my own. Through observation I’ve have seen how people of different cultures differ from mines. For example, the type of foods a person
Howard, T.G. (2010). Why Race and Culture Matter in Schools: Closing the Achievement Gap in
American Indian Students do not have the same educational access and opportunity other traditional students do. Due to financial hardships, no non-major specific scholarships, and family obligations, American Indian students drop out in their second or third year
The article “Superman and Me” by Sherman Alexie is an informative article about the author growing up on an Indian reservation, attending reservation school and where he is today. The author's underlying message in the article is cultural differences when not accepted can cause issues not only socially but also in education. The author does a great job in persuading his readers of the issues on education in reservation schools and possibly how to fix these issues.
For my ethnographic fieldwork, I decided to do my research on the Jewish culture. I interviewed a friend of mine at her house, which is the field site I decided to work in. To protect her identity I changed her name to Rebecca. As soon as I got to her house I notice there was a small piece of metal on the side of her doorpost with hebrew text written on it. I enter the house and she greeted me and took me to her living room.In her living room I noticed she had a tray of bite size cookies for us and a Snapple drink. The cookies were sweet and they did not have strong odor. My friend wore black slacks a white blouse and a star necklace around her neck. After a while, her brother and father came in and I noticed they had a little cap on the top of their heads. I asked her questions about her religion and culture.
We will begin by discussing the first article that was written in 1981 by Steve Murray and Luther Tweeten named, "Culture, Education, and Economic Progress and Federal Reservations" and was published in the Growth & Change academic journal. This article takes a look at the economic issues in Indian reservations across the country and explains them in a mathematical form to explain why they are generally poor and struggling communities. Two negative things about this article is one, it is not specifically written for the topic of Native American education, and two, the article is almost thirty years old now. Although this does not make the article irrelevant because it does provide factual information about the current times in which it was written, and it does extensively discuss problems and
Although Naples is a wealthy community, there is a significant portion of the Haitian and Hispanic community who face socioeconomic challenges. Many students of Haitian and Hispanic descent are failing to attain passing academic ratings in mathematics, science and English. The most urgent of concerns for educators and national stakeholders alike is the lack of representation of African Americans, Hispanics, and Native Americans among those students who are high achievers in math and science. Therefore the participants of the study will include Hispanic-American, Haitian-American and African American students in grade 9. This population is a representative sample of the minority students who represent the achievement gap. There are no Native American students in the
In essence, a better education can lead to better opportunities and reduce rates of poverty. Oklahoma’s state education budget continues to be slashed by officials, despite 61% of students in Oklahoma living in poverty stricken households (ChildFund, 2013). Of the 61% of students living in poverty, 26% are Indigenous (NCCP, 2018). Worse still, trade publication Education Week ranked Oklahoma 46th in the United States for education quality (“Oklahoma Earns a D-Plus”, 2018). With the education system of the entire state failing, the Cherokee Nation has taken it upon themselves to help fund education initiatives as a means to reduce poverty levels in the
Shaun Harper explains that “the continuation of residential segregation in the United States concentrates Black students in public K-12 schools that have fewer resources, lower per-student expenditures, fewer advanced placement courses, and less experienced teachers than the suburban schools many White students attend” (2010). The National Center for Education Statistics (NCES) Susan Aud, et. Al. reports that in 2007–08, about 25 percent of secondary mathematics teachers who taught in schools with at least half Black enrollment had neither a certification nor a college major in mathematics, compared to 8 percent of secondary mathematics teachers who taught in schools with at least half White
As the 21st century progresses, our nation will become increasingly dependent on the current generation of children, a generation that is dramatically more diverse than previous generations (Shields, & Behram, 2004). Immigrant parents bring their values, language, culture, religion, and education backgrounds to our schools, enriching our educational environments (Guo, 2012). The challenges faced by many newcomer parents regarding their children’s schooling can be daunting (Bélanger, Dalley, & Turner, 2015). This view that immigrant parents are not necessarily equipped to accompany their children with the homework help is typified in the belief that: "If we look at some ethno-cultural groups, the parents have not necessarily completed their education within our school system, and sometimes, they can have difficulty helping with their children 's homework" (Bélanger, Dalley, & Turner, 2015). The focus on this paper is to further address where immigration parents stand as a newcomer, the focus on raising academic achievement of the students and how teachers can help with ensuring the success of their students.
This should include background information, patient details, medical history, equipment used, patient care, ultrasound technique, observations, conclusions and discussion
The modern American society is best defined by its education. The “American dream” is founded on going to school, getting a good job, and becoming successful. Ironically, the actual native peoples of this country are actually the least likely to attain this dream. The largest obstacle they face is lack of proper education. The standard educational practices being used for the instruction of Native American peoples is not effective. There are many pieces to this road-block, and many solutions. This can be rectified by having more culturally aware teachers and parents, and by teaching the general population more about the Native American cultures.
NEA’s Department of Indian Education (1899) produced research on how the government’s policy of isolating and assimilating the American Indian nations negatively impacted their education. Indian
A wide range of cross cultural studies have been done to examine the degree of influence that language has on the development of mathematical skills, with varying results (Mark & Dowker, 2015; Dowker & Roberts, 2015; Paik et al., 2011). Recent cross cultural research has painted a very different picture of the extent that language truly influences the development of mathematical skills in children as they enter school (Mark & Dowker, 2015; Dowker & Roberts, 2015, Paik et al., 2011). LT has been found to have more specific influences on learning mathematics than the broad pervasive effect it was previously thought to have (Mark & Dowker, 2015; Dowker & Roberts, 2015). Studies comparing children of different ethnic backgrounds, have shown that East Asian children tend to outperform American children or children from other Western countries (Mark & Dowker, 2015; Paik et al., 2011). In a study comparing British children with Chinese children from Hong Kong, it was
In almost any classroom in America, one will find a myriad of different races, ethnicities, nationalities, cultures, languages, social classes, disabilities, genders and gender identities, religions, sexual orientations, learning styles, and abilities. With a growing diverse society, it is imperative that every student is given an equitable chance to obtain the mathematical knowledge needed for success. However, research has found that many minorities, females, and children living in poverty sometimes have a poor performance in mathematics. Math tends to be perceived as a field in which success and understanding is limited to a small percentage of students. Recently, there has been an effort by math teachers nationwide to change the harsh