2.2. Review related to morphological variables Noutsos, K., Koskolou, M., Barzouka, K., Bergeles,

The relationship between the principles of training and physiological adaptations has a significant impact on performance. Many factors need to be addressed in a training program to make it a successful one for a particular athlete and thus improve their performance.

Muscular hypertrophy occurs through anaerobic training and also causes an increase in lactate tolerance since the lactate produced is less concentrated enabling athletes to tolerate increased amounts. The greater extent of muscular hypertrophy and therefore lactate tolerance in males compared to females is evident in the greater number of attacking efforts performed by them whilst on field. During the 20 minutes of the game spent on field, males performed 88.5 attacking skills (approximately 4.43 maximal efforts per minute), while females performed 76.4 attacking skills (3.82 per minute) (Appendix 2). Due to insufficient recovery of CP, the anaerobic glycolysis system would have been dominant for these efforts. Males can tolerate more lactate hence perform more efforts. Furthermore, males had a higher average of 15.40 seconds in the speed endurance test compared to 17.19 seconds for females, indicating that males have greater lactate tolerance due to developed anaerobic adaptations including muscular hypertrophy (Appendix 1). As men have a greater lactate tolerance, they can work at higher anaerobic intensities for longer durations, therefore perform more maximal efforts such as repetitively

Ayalon A, Inbar O, Bar-Or O (1974) Relationships Among Measurements of Explosive Strength and Anaerobic Power. Series in Sports Science, Vol 1: 572-577

Many people argue that competitive sports raise numerous amounts of pressure on the youth making them distracted from things such as their education and because it can cause severe injuries, but some people argue that youth should play competitive sports because it teaches major life lessons that can help with many different aspects of their future such as college, getting a job, and many more. Playing competitive sports also improves your physical strength, another physical aspect of playing competitive sports is decreasing your chance of being obese or having disease. If you don't prefer to play competitive sports there are alternative options such as biking or walking to school. In an HT Health article “Sports Seen As Key Weapon in Fighting Teen Obesity” it says that in a study with 1,700 kids, ten percent walked or biked to school 3 ½ days a week,, in the study they found that biking or walking to school lowered the risk of being obese by 33%. I argue that kids should play competitive sports because of the important life skills taught through these sports and the physical benefit of playing sports. In this paper I will explain how communication, time management, and lowering the risk of being obese; supports my claim, “Kids should play competitive sports”

About.com., 2013. Sports Medicine. [online] Endurance Training for Sports - What is Cardiovascular and Aerobic Fitness? Available at: [Assessed 15 May 2013].

An issue that is hotly debated is, should kids play competitive sports or not. It’s clear that the overall people feel that competitive sports are good for kids. Competitive sports teaches kids life lessons, makes them more responsible and teaches them healthy habits. Millions of American children and teenagers are overweight. This obesity epidemic has made the early onset of health problems such as diabetes, are more common. Over forty millions of boys and girls were participating in organized competitive sports in 2008, and this will help bring down the obesity rate.

All athletes regardless of age, gender, genetics or sport can benefit from effective training. It is important that the selected training improves the body’s ability to perform tasks associated with the chosen

In this assignment I will be reviewing the different effects of exercise on the body system including the acute and long term using the pre-exercise, exercise and post-exercise physiological data which I collected based on interval and continuous training method. I will also be including the advantages and disadvantages of these, also the participants’ strengths and areas where they can improve on.

The study design of the research took place within a span of nine weeks. Before and after the nine weeks of resistance training, several tests were administered to determine the level of muscular strength, jumping ability, sprinting ability, RFD, etc. as they were all much needed requirements specific to the job of firefighting. Other factors were also considered, including height, mass, and size of limbs and chest. Upper and lower bodies of the participants were measured via barbell squats and bench press exercises, using the 1RM method until failure. The values were then recorded. Jumping ability was measured using both vertical and horizontal jumping exercises performed in three to five trials. Warm-ups were performed before the test. RFD or rate of muscular development was measured with a calibrated position transducer which utilized the three values from the upper and lower body 1RPM tests. A TENDO unit cord was used during these tests. These tests were administered throughout the span of over a week in

1. Soccer is one of the most demanding of all sports. The game is played on one of the largest fields of any sport, for the longest sustained time and with the least amount of breaks. Players in a soccer team are in continuous activity as they compete for loose balls, move to encourage teammates, rotate positions and run to make a space or test opponents. Running, jumping, sprinting movements in relation with sudden changes of acceleration and route outweigh the play. The power of the game ranges between low-level activities such as walking or jogging to ones of high intensity such as sprinting . This is what is known as intermittent exercise. The rhythm of soccer is dynamic and constantly changing, which is a characteristic that divides it from other endurance sports , this suggests that in order for a midfielder to successfully endure for the entire 90 minutes all three energy systems assist in different stages although the ATP/PC system is dominant.

High school sports also has a benefit to an athlete's physical health. Today’s teens are exposed to a great amount of entertainment avenues such as television, video games, and other media devices. These things allow teens to be lazy. Young people generally get less physical activity as they get older. By being physically active it can help prevent obesity. The experience of sports, exercise, and kinesthetic activities helps boost teens’ bodies. Involvement in sporting activities keeps teens moving and and keeps them engaged physically which is vital for their overall health and

Ultimately the higher a player's aerobic capacity the more efficient a player would be in their performance on the

The purpose of the experiment was to investigate exercises potential effects on cardiopulmonary functions and to determine if differences in gender play a key role in these functions (Cardiopulmonary System 2017). The hypothesis and null hypothesis was used to determine the outcomes of the experiment:

What is the Relationship between Points per Game Scored and the Height of the Players in the NBA?

It can be seen that an athlete that has more ectomorph characteristics like Kareem Abdul-Jabbar is better suited for a centre position in basketball as his height and smaller body type gives him a greater advantage over other athletes. In addition, another athlete that exemplifies that advantages that body types hold in sport is Arthur Zanetti, an Olympic medallist in ring gymnastics. Arthur Zanetti has muscular arms and legs, broad shoulders and narrow hips, his mesomorph body type means that he carries very little body fat and builds muscles easily which can be seen in his very muscular appearance (Lutton, 2012). An athlete like Arthur Zanetti with a mesomorph body type has fast twitch fibres which help to make rapid and strong contractions during his movement (Ackland, Elliott, & Bloomfield,2009, p.