STAT 211 End-term Practice Problems, Fall 2023 - Set 1 (Answer Keys)

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Numeric 5 points Answer Q.1-Q.15 based on the following information. Suppose, 33 independent readings were observed in the tannery waste disposal experiment and two of the variables measured were reduction of total volatile solids and biochemical oxygen demand. Assume that, is the response variable, and , the predictor variable, in this context. After analyzing the dataset, we obtained the following output: Calculate the coef±cient of determination for ±tting the simple linear regression model of on ? Asnwer up to ±ve decimal places. Hint: Page 15 of Simple Linear Regression Slides - Chapter 4 0.91295 1
Multiple Choice 5 points What percentage of the total variability of can be explained by the simple linear regression model of on ? Asnwer up to one decimal place only. Hint: Page 15 of Simple Linear Regression Slides - Chapter 4 88.3 89.3 90.3 91.3 92.3 2 Numeric 5 points Under the assumption of zero mean and constant variance of the unobservable residuals, obtain an estimate of the residual standard deviation . Report up to ±ve decimal places. Hint: Use . Hint: Page 52 of Con±dence Interval Lecture Slides - Chapter 7 3.22954 3
Numeric 5 points What is the associated degrees of freedom in Q.2? Give an exact response. Hint: Page 52 of Con±dence Interval Lecture Slides - Chapter 7 31 4 Numeric 5 points Find the least square estimate of the gradient parameter in the simple linear regressin model of on . Answer up to ±ve decimal places. Hint: Page 51 of Con±dence Interval Lecture Slides - Chapter 7 0.90365 5 Numeric 5 points Find the least square estimates of the intercept parameter in the simple linear regressin model of on . Answer up to ±ve decimal places. Hint: Page 51 of Con±dence Interval Lecture Slides - Chapter 7 3.82948 6
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Numeric 5 points Compute , the estimated simple linear regression function of on , when . Answer up to ±ve decimal places. Hint: Page 11 of Simple Linear Regression Lecture Slides - Chapter 4 21.90246 7 Numeric 5 points Find the standard error of the least square estimate . Answer up to six decimal places. Hint: Page 53 of Con±dence Interval Lecture Slides - Chapter 7 0.050119 8 Numeric 5 points Suppose, we wish to estimate a 95% con±dence interval for the gradient parameter based on the least suqare estimate . What would be the corresponding margin of error? Answer up to ±ve decimal places. Hint: Page 53 of Con±dence Interval Lecture Slides - Chapter 7 0.10222 9
Multiple Choice 5 points Obtain an estimated 95% con±dence interval for the gradient parameter based on the least suqare estimate . Hint: Page 53 of Con±dence Interval Lecture Slides - Chapter 7 10 Numeric 5 points Find the standard error of , the estimated simple linear regression function of on , when . Answer up to ±ve decimal places. Hint: Page 53 of Con±dence Interval Lecture Slides - Chapter 7 0.87794 11
Numeric 5 points Suppose, we wish to estimate a 95% con±dence interval for , the simple linear regression function of on , when . What would be the corresponding margin of error. Answer up to ±ve decimal places. Hint: Page 53 of Con±dence Interval Lecture Slides - Chapter 7 1.79057 12 Multiple Choice 5 points Compute an estimated 95% con±dence interval for , the simple linear regression function of on , when . Answer up to three decimal places. Hint: Page 53 of Con±dence Interval Lecture Slides - Chapter 7 13
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Multiple Choice 5 points What critical constant did you use to obtain the estimated con±dence intervals in Q.9, and Q.12. Hint: Page 53 of Con±dence Interval Lecture Slides - Chapter 7 14 Multiple Answer 5 points What are the assumptions that were necessary to ±nd those estimated con±dence intervals in Q.10 and Q.13 above? Select all that apply. Hint: Page 51 of Con±dence Interval Lecture Slides - Chapter 7 The unobservable random errors are independent. The unobservable random errors are normally distributed. The unobservable random errors have zero means. The unobservable random errors have a common (constant) variance. 15
Multiple Choice 5 points Which of the following statements about simple linear regression of on is NOT correct? Symbols bear their usual signi±cance. The coef±cient of determination, , always lies between 0 and 1. The sign of the estimated slope must be equal to the sign of , the sample correlation coef±cient between , and . The average increase in for a 1-unit increase in is (i.e. the slope parameter). 16
Multiple Choice 5 points Answer Q.17-Q.23 based on the following information: Let have a joint probability density function given by Find the conditional density of , for given . 17
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Multiple Choice 5 points Find the regression function of on . 18 Numeric 5 points Compute . Give an exact response. No partial credits will be awarded for an approximate answer. 0.4 19
Numeric 5 points Compute . Give an exact response. No partial credits will be awarded for an approximate answer. 0.4 20 Numeric 5 points Compute . Give an exact response. No partial credits will be awarded for an approximate answer. 0.2 21 Numeric 5 points Compute . Give an exact response. No partial credits will be awarded for an approximate answer. 0.2 22
Numeric 5 points Compute . Answer up to four decimal places. -0.6667 23 Multiple Choice 5 points De±ne the joint probability mass function of by: f(0, 10) = f(0, 20) = 3 / 18, f(1, 10) = f(1, 30) = 1 / 18, f(1, 20) = 6 / 18, f(2, 30) = 4 / 18 Find . Hint: Construct a joint probability mass function table, and see if you can directly enumerate from there by using its de±nition. 160/9 180/9 200/9 220/9 240/9 24
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Multiple Choice 5 points Find . 360/18 365/18 370/18 375/18 380/18 25 Multiple Choice 5 points Find . 4/9 5/9 6/9 7/9 8/9 26
Multiple Choice 5 points Find . Answer up to two decimal places only. 0 2.75 -2.75 3.95 -3.95 27 Multiple Answer 5 points Select the correct statements from the following. Select all that apply. Assume all the relevant terms are well-de±ned. and would be independent if . and would be independent if for all , and for any given . and would be independent if , for any given . and would be independent if , for all . and would be independent if . 28
Numeric 5 points In a certain statistical model, suppose is a standard normal random deviate, and consider another random variable de±ned as . Find the correlation coef±cient between and . Give an exact response. No partial credits would be awarded for an approximate answer. Hint: Page 20 of Independence of Random Variables Lecture Slides - Chapter 4 0 29 Multiple Choice 5 points Which of the following statements would be true? Select all that apply (more than one options may be correct). and are independent, because . and are not independent, because . and are independent, because , for all . and are independent, because for all . and are not independent, because . 30
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Numeric 5 points Suppose in a simple linear regression problem of on , the values of the estimated slope and the coef±cient of determination are found to be and , respectively. Find , the sample correlation coef±cient between and . Give an exact response up to the one decimal place only. Hint: Pages 11 & 15 of Simple Linear Regression Lecture Slides - Chapter 4 -0.9 31 Numeric 5 points Suppose in a simple linear regression analysis of on , it has been found that . Obtain the sample correlation coef±cient . Give an exact response up to three decimal places. No partail credits would be awarded for an approximate answer. Hint: Page 11 of Simple Linear Regression Lecture Slides - Chapter 4 -0.866 32
Multiple Choice 5 points Answer Q.33-Q.36 based on the following information: Harley-Davidson motorcycles make up 16% of all the motorcycles registered in the United States. You plan to interview an SRS of 500 motorcycle owners. What is the approximate distribution of the proportion of the motorcycle owners in your sample who own Harleys? Bernoulli Binomial Uniform Beta Normal 33 Numeric 5 points Compute the expected number of owners in your sample who own Harleys. Give an exact response. No partial credit would be awarded for an approximate response. 80 34
Numeric 5 points How likely is your sample to contain 17% or more who own Harleys? Answer up to three decimal places. 0.271 35 Numeric 5 points How likely is your sample to contain at most 14% who own Harleys? Answer up to ±ve decimal places. 0.11126 36
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Multiple Choice 5 points Answer Q.37-Q.38 based on the following information: Let us consider a simple random sample of size n = 100 drawn from a population distribution with a population mean of 3.48 and a population standard deviation of 2.35. Suppose the corresponding data distribution has a mean of 3.373 and a standard deviation of 2.325. Based on the above information, which of the following is true? The shape of the sampling distribution of the sample mean for samples of size 100 is approximately normal with a mean of 3.373, and a standard deviation of 2.325/ 100. The shape of the sampling distribution of the sample mean for samples of size 100 is approximately normal with a mean of 3.373, and a standard deviation of 2.35/ 100. The shape of the sampling distribution of the sample mean for samples of size 100 is approximately normal with a mean of 3.48, and a standard deviation of 2.325/ 100. The shape of the sampling distribution of the sample mean for samples of size 100 is approximately normal with a mean of 3.48, and a standard deviation of 2.35/ 100. 37 Numeric 5 points Find the probability that the sample mean based on a simple random sample of size n = 100 drawn from the above population distribution will lie between 3.13 and 3.69. Answer up to four decimal places, if this probability calculation is feasible at all. 0.7460 38
Numeric 5 points Brandon wants to ±nd a cheap computer, but he knows that computer prices are extremely skewed, since most computers are very expensive. He knows that computer prices have a mean of $2,175 with a standard deviation of $867 . Brandon ±nds the average price of 100 random computers. What is the probability the average price will be more than $2,359 ? Use 4 decimal places. 0.0169 39 Numeric 5 points According to a market research ±rm, 53% of all residential telephone numbers in Los Angeles are unlisted. A telephone sales ±rm uses random digit dialing equipment that dials residential numbers at random, whether or not they are listed in the telephone directory. The ±rm calls 492 numbers in Los Angeles. What is the (approximate) probability that at least half the numbers dialed are unlisted? Answer up to ±ve decimal places. 0.90878 40
Multiple Answer 5 points The systolic blood pressure of a random sample of employees at Dewey, Lie, and Howie is measured. Based on the observations in this sample, a con±dence interval for the mean systolic blood pressure of all employees is estimated to be . Which of the following statements gives a statistically correct, acceptable interpretation of this interval? Select all that apply. We are con±dent that the interval contains the population mean systolic blood pressure of all employees. The probability that the population mean systolic blood pressure lies in the inetrval is . A future simple random sample consisting of 45 employees at Dewey, Lie, and Howie (drawn under identical conditions) will result in a con±dence interval that will contain the population mean systolic blood pressure with a chance. If the sampling procedure were repeated times under indetical conditions, and a con±dence interval is estimated from the observations in each sample, about of those estimated con±dence intervals would contain the population mean systolic blood pressure ; is one such interval. If the sampling procedure were repeated times under identical conditions, and the sample mean systolic blood pressure from the observations in each sample were calculated, then in about cases, the calculated sample means would lie in the interval . We are con±dent that the systolic blood pressures in this sample have a sample mean that is between and . 41
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Multiple Choice 5 points Wheel thickness on a train is random because wear and tear causes the wheel to wear down. The distribution of wheel thickness is known to have a standard deviation of inches. The average wheel thickness tells you how old the train is. A random sample of wheels on the Brazos Express Train found an average wheel thickness of inches. Find a con±dence interval for the true average wheel thickness on the Brazos Express. Cannot construct the desired con±dence interval since the population distribution is not known to be normal, and the sample size is not large enough. 42 Numeric 5 points Answer Q.43-Q.48 based on the following information: The pH of rain, measured at a weather station in Michigan, was observed for consecutive rain storms. The sample mean is and the sample variance is . Assume that the population distribution is approximately normal. Based on the above information, suppose we wish obtain a con±dence interval for the mean pH of the population of storms at that location. What would be the margin of error? Report up to ±ve decimal places. 0.27331319083 43
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Multiple Choice 5 points What critical constant did you use to evaluate the above margin of error? 44 Multiple Choice 5 points Obtain a con±dence interval for the mean pH of the population of storms at that location. Can't construct the con±dence interval since the sample size is not suf±ciently large. 45
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Multiple Answer 5 points How can you interprete the estimated 99% con±dence interval obtained above? Select all that apply. We are 95% con±dent that the mean pH of the rains lies in the estimated con±dence interval. On an average, the pH of rains lies within the estimated con±dence interval with a 99% probability. If we collect 1000 repeated samples each containing rainfall data on 39 consecutive rain storms, and estimate a 99% con±dence interval for the mean pH of rains based on each of these samples, in about 990 cases the estimated con±dence intervals will contain the unknown true mean pH of rains; the estimated con±dence interval is probably one such interval. If we collect 1000 repeated samples each containing rainfall data on 39 consecutive rain storms, and estimate a 99% con±dence interval for the mean pH of rains based on each of these samples, in about 10 cases, the estimated con±dence intervals will not contain the unknown true mean pH of rains. We are 99% con±dent that a con±dence interval based on a future random sample of rains for 39 consecutive rain storms will contain the unknown true value of the mean pH of rains. The probability that the mean pH of rains lies in the estimated 99% con±dence interval is either 0 or, 1. 46
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Multiple Choice 5 points Suppose, the experimenter is interested in learning wehther the mean pH level is signi±cantly less than 5.00, with level of signi±cance . What should be the null and alternative hypotheses? 47
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Multiple Choice 5 points For the above hypothesis test, with , what should be your ±nal conclusion? Select the correct answer from the following. The observed value of the test statistic is -2.9942, and the corresponding p-value is 0.00241. So, we reject the null hypothesis, and conclude that the mean ph level is not less than 5. The observed value of the test statistic is -2.9942, and the corresponding p-value is 1- 0.00241. So, we failed to reject the null hypothesis and conclude that, based on the available data, the mean ph level is signi±cantly less than 5 at 1% level of signi±cance. The observed value of the test statistic is -2.9942, and the corresponding p-value is 0.00482. So, we should reject the null hypothesis and conclude that, based on the available data, the mean ph level is signi±cantly less than 5 at 1% level of signi±cance. The observed value of the test statistic is -2.9942, and the corresponding p-value is 0.00241. So, we should reject the null hypothesis and conclude that, based on the available data, the mean ph level is signi±cantly less than 5 at 1% level of signi±cance. 48 Numeric 5 points A new method of pre-coating ±ttings used in oil, brake and other ²uid systems in heavy-duty trucks is being studied. Compute the minimum sample size that is is needed to estimate the proportion of ±ttings that leak to within with con±dence? Give an exact response. 3,383 49
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Numeric 5 points A study plans to investigate the average time a 17-year-old spends playing video games each week. From studies of similar age groups, it is believed the standard deviation should be about hours. The study wants an con±dence interval to have a margin of error of (the nearest half-hour). Find the minimum number of 17-year-olds that they need to sample. Provide an exact response. No partial credits would be awarded if your response fail to match the correct answers even by a small margin of error. 1,691 50 Numeric 5 points Answer Q.51-Q.54 based on the following information: A hospital is trying to cut down on emergency room wait times. It is interested in learning about the mean time patients must wait before being called back to be examined. An investigation committee randomly surveyed patients, and found that an estimated con±dence interval for the mean waiting time of patients to be hours. Find an appropriate estimate of the population mean waiting time of patients. Give an exact response. No partial credit will be awarded for an approximate answer. 1.34 51
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Numeric 5 points What would be the margine of error (MoE) for the above con±dence interval? Give an exact response. No partial credit will be awarded for an approximate answer. 0.22 52 Numeric 5 points Evaluate the standard error of the above estimator of the population mean waiting time of patients based on the given sample. Report up to ±ve decimal places. 0.10837 53 Numeric 0 points Only For Interested Students Based on the above information, can you ±nd an estimate of the population standard deviation (up to four decimal places)? 0.6502 54
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Multiple Choice 5 points Consider a normal population distribution with an unknown mean and a known standard deviation . Suppose two independent random samples of sizes and drawn from the said population distribution are used to construct two and con±dence intervals, respectively, for the unknown population mean such that the intervals are of equal width. What can we said about and ? Nothing can be said from the given information. 55
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Multiple Choice 5 points Which of the following statements for testing a point null hypothesis versus a two-sided alternative at a given level of signi±cance is NOT correct? Assume that we can use a one-sample level t-test in this context. The p-value is the probability that the test statistic is as extreme as its present realization (that is, ) when is the true value of . A p-value of 0.01 means if we perform the given hypothesis testing problem based on 1000 repeated samples of the same size under identical conditions, in about 10 cases, the observed value of the test statistic would be as extreme as its present realization (that is, ) when is the true value of . If we conduct the given hypothesis testing problem based on 1000 repeated samples of the same size under identical conditions, in about 50 cases, the test will erroneously reject the null hypothesis assuming is the true value of . A p-value is the likelihood of observing a new sample of the same size as the present one is the true value of . A p-value is the likelihood of the null hypothesis being true. 56
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Multiple Choice 5 points After being rejected for employment, Kim Kelly learns that the Bellevue Credit Company has hired only eleven women among the last 30 new employees. She also learns that the pool of applicants is very large, with an approximately equal number of quali±ed men as quali±ed women. Suppose, she conducted a hypothesis test to verify her claim at a level of signi±cance α = 0.05 and found the p − value to be 0.07206. What would be the type I and type II errors in this context? T1: Kim concludes that gender discrimination is there against women during hiring while in reality there is no discrimination against women. T2: Kim concludes that there’s no gender discrimination against women during hiring when in reality there is discrimination against women. T1: Kim concludes that there’s no gender discrimination against women during hiring when in reality there is discrimination against women. T2: Kim concludes that gender discrimination is there against women during hiring while in reality there is no discrimination against women. T1: Kim concludes that there’s no gender discrimination against women during hiring, and in reality, there is no discrimination against women. T2: Kim concludes that gender discrimination is there against women during hiring, and in reality, there is discrimination against women. T1: Kim concludes that there’s gender discrimination against women during hiring, and in reality, there is discrimination against women. T2: Kim concludes that no gender discrimination is there against women during hiring, and in reality, there is no discrimination against women. 57
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Multiple Answer 5 points A researcher claims that the average body mass index (BMI) of adult Canadians is more than 25.0. She takes an SRS of 250 Canadians, and ±nds that the average BMI in the sample is 26.3, and the corresponding sample standard deviation is 7.1. Assume that the level of signi±cance . Based on the one-sample level- t-test, which of the following statements is/are NOT correct? Select all that apply. If we perform the given hypothesis testing problem based on 1000 repeated simple random samples each consisting of 250 Canadians, the likelihood that the test statistic would be 2.895 or more would be about 2 in 1000, provided the true value of is 25. If we perform the given hypothesis testing problem based on 1000 repeated simple random samples each consisting of 250 Canadians, the likelihood that the test statistic would be 2.895 or less would be about 2 in 1000, provided the true value of is 25. If we conduct the given hypothesis testing problem based on 1000 repeated simple random samples each consisting of 250 Canadians, then in about 10 cases, the test will erroneously reject the null hypothesis when the true value of is 25. The likehilood of observing another simple random sample as the present one would be about 2 in 1000. The likelihood that the null hypothesis would be true is about 2 in 1000. 58
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Multiple Choice 5 points Answer Q.59-Q.60 based on the following information: In testing vs. , a sample of size yielded a p-value of 0.014. Assume , and the true value of . Then the decision based on the given data: would be a Type I error. would be a Type II error. would be a correct decision. couldn't be determined. 59 Multiple Choice 5 points For the above hypothesis test, what would be the type I error rate of the one-sample level t-test? 0 0.01 0.014 0.05 Can't be determined from the given information. 60
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Multiple Choice 5 points Answer Q.61-Q.62 based on the following information: In testing vs. , a sample of size yielded a p-value of 0.02167. Assume , and the true value of . Then the decision based on the given data: would be a Type I error. would be a Type II error. would be a correct decision. couldn't be determined. 61 Multiple Choice 5 points For the above hypothesis test, what would be the size of the one-sample level z- test? 0 0.01 0.02167 0.05 Can't be determined from the given information. 62
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Multiple Choice 5 points Answer Q.63-Q.68 based on the following information: A sanitation supervisor is interested in testing to see if the mean amount of garbage per bin is signi±cantly different from 50 pounds. In a random sample of 36 bins, the sample mean amount was 49.2 pounds and the sample standard deviation was 4.9 pounds. Conduct the appropriate hypothesis test using a 0.05 level of signi±cance. What should be the null and alternative hypotheses? 63
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Multiple Answer 5 points To conduct the above hypothesis test, we need to ±rst verify whether the underlying conditions are satis±ed. Choose the correct option(s) from the following. Select all that apply. We can conduct a level test since the underlying population distribution is normal with an unknown population standard deviation, and the sample size is large enough. We can conduct a level test since although the underlying population distribution need not be normal with an unknown population standard deviation, the sample size is large enough. We can conduct a level test since the underlying population distribution is normal with an unknown population standard deviation, and the sample size is large enough. We can conduct a level test since although the underlying population distribution need not be normal with an unknown population standard deviation, the sample size is large enough. We can conduct a level test since the underlying population distribution is normal with a known population standard deviation, and the sample size is large enough. 64
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Multiple Choice 5 points What would be an appropriate choice of test statistic to conduct the above hypothesis test? What would be its distribution under the null hypothesized value? Z-statistic: , with . Student's t-statistic: , with . Student's t-statistic: , with . Z-statistic: , with . Student's t-statistic: , with . 65
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Multiple Choice 5 points What would be a level critical region for the above hypothesis testing problem? 66
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Multiple Choice 5 points Based on the above critical region, what should be the supervisor's ±nal conclusion at level of signi±cance? Since the absolute value of the observed value of the test statistic is larger than , the supervisor rejects the null hypothesis and concludes that the mean amount of garbage per bin is signi±cantly different from pounds at level of signi±cance. Since the absolute value of the observed value of the test statistic is larger than , the supervisor rejects the null hypothesis and concludes that the mean amount of garbage per bin is signi±cantly different from pounds at level of signi±cance. Since the absolute value of the observed value of the test statistic is no larger than , the supervisor fails to reject the null hypothesis and concludes that the mean amount of garbage per bin is signi±cantly different from pounds at level of signi±cance. Since the observed value of the test statistic is no larger than , the supervisor fails to reject the null hypothesis and concludes that the mean amount of garbage per bin is not signi±cantly different from pounds at level of signi±cance. Since the absolute value of the observed value of the test statistic is no larger than , the supervisor fails to reject the null hypothesis and concludes that the mean amount of garbage per bin is not signi±cantly different from pounds at level of signi±cance. 67 Numeric 5 points Evaluate the p-value for the above hypothesis test? Answer up to ±ve decimal places. 0.33402 68
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Multiple Choice 5 points Answer Q.69-Q.71 based on the following information: A polling organization conducts an exit poll and somehow it appears that Candidate A is likely to receive less than one fourth of the votes. The polling organization interviews 175 people to check their voting preferences, and 40 of them speak in favor of Candidate A. Formulate the appropriate hypotheses to test, and carry out the test at level of signi±cance . What should be the null and alternative hypotheses? 69 Numeric 5 points Find the observed value of the test statistic for the above hypothesis test. Answer up to four decimal places. -0.6547 70
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Numeric 5 points Evaluate the p-value for the above hypothesis test. Answer up to four decimal places. 0.2563 71 Numeric 5 points Answer Q.72-Q.75 based on the following information: A research report claims that 25% of all individuals use Firefox to browse the web. A software company is trying to determine if the proportion of their users who use Firefox is signi±cantly different from 0.25. In a sample of 250 of their users, 56 users stated that they used Firefox. Using this data, compute the standard error of an appropriate estimator to estimate the unknown population parameter of interest. Answer up to ±ve decimal places. 0.02637 72 Numeric 5 points If we wish to estimate a 95% con±dence interval for the unknwon parameter of interest based on the above data, what should be the corresponding margin of error? Answer up to ±ve decimal places. 0.05168 73
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Multiple Choice 5 points Estimate a 95% con±dence interval for the unknwon population parameter based on the given information. 74
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Multiple Choice 5 points Based on the estimated 95% con±dence interval above, what should be the conclusion of the software company at 5% level of signi±cance? Since the estimated 95% con±dence interval does not contain the null hypothesized value of the parameter of interest, the software company rejects the null hypothesis at 5% level of signi±cance and concludes that the 25% of their users use the Firefox web browser. Since the estimated 95% con±dence interval does not contain the null hypothesized value of the parameter of interest, the software company fails to reject reject the null hypothesis at 5% level of signi±cance and concludes that 25% of their users do not use the Firefox web browser. Since the estimated 95% con±dence interval contains the null hypothesized value of the parameter of interest, the software company rejects the null hypothesis at 5% level of signi±cance, and concludes that 25% of their users do not use the Firefox web browser. Since the estimated 95% con±dence interval contains the null hypothesized value of the parameter of interest, the software company fails to reject the null hypothesis at 5% level of signi±cance, and concludes that 25% of their users use the Firefox web browser. Since the estimated 95% con±dence interval contains the null hypothesized value of the parameter of interest, the software company fails to reject the null hypothesis at 5% level of signi±cance, and concludes that 25% of their users do not use the Firefox web browser. 75
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