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Jan 9, 2024

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lh‘iil‘il‘miii:il UNIT 1 — MILESTONE 1 o 23/29 23/29 < um | remace | ® 23 questions were answered correctly. 6 questions were answered incorrectly. T Q@ Which of these statements best defines a stratified random sample? It is @ sample where the population is divided into roughly O equal groups, and then elements are randomly selected from each group. It is @ sample where the population is first broken into P o groups and then elements are randomly selected, in proportion, from each group. It is @ sample in which every element has the same chance of O being selected from the total population. It is @ sample where every nth element of the
lh‘iil‘il‘miii:il UNIT 1 — MILESTONE 1 oD RATIONALE Recall that a stratified random sample is first broken up into homogenous groups called strata. From those strata a random sample is then chosen. CONCEPT — Stratified Random and Cluster Sampling Report an issue with this question 2 Q@ In a survey of small business owners, a response to which of the following questions would be qualitative? How long have you owned a O business? How much did your business (O have in profits last year? How many businesses do you O own? What type of business do you Q ° own? RATIONALE 23/29
lh‘iil‘il‘miii:il UNIT 1 — MILESTONE 1 o e’ e’ 1| U %’ i |} — Qualitative and Quantitative Data Report an issue with this question 3 Q@ An art teacher is trying to determine which class to offer next summer. She passes out a slip of paper to some of the students in the class asking them whether or not they liked her course, and what class they would most like to see offered in the summer. Which type of statistical study is the art teacher conducting? A single-blind stud O g Y A surve © O Y A census O A double-blind stud O Y RATIONALE Since she asks people what their preferences would be, this is an example of a survey. CONCEPT — Surveys 23/29
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lh‘iil‘il‘miii:il UNIT 1 — MILESTONE 1 o 4 Q@ Cindy measured and recorded the temperature of a liquid for an experiment. She used a poorly calibrated thermometer and noted the temperature as 100.5 degrees Fahrenheit. The actual temperature of the liquid was 95 degrees Fahrenheit. The percent error in her calculation is © O 5.79% O -4.08% O 4.08% o O -5.79% RATIONALE Recall that the percent error is equivalent to the absolute difference divided by the actual value. If the absolute measure is 95 degrees and the observed measure is 100.5 degrees, then the absolute error is: absoluteerror =obseved —actual =100.5-95=5.5 So we calculate the percentage error to be: absoluteerror 5.5 =0.0579=5.79% actualvalue g5 ? percenterror = 23/29
lh‘iil‘il‘miii:il UNIT 1 — MILESTONE 1 o 23/29 5 @ Select the correct statement regarding experiments. A researcher can control the 0 o environment and observe the response. A researcher can control the O environment but cannot observe the response. A researcher cannot control the O environment but can observe the response. A researcher can neither control O the environment nor observe the response. RATIONALE The defining part of experimental setting is that the researcher can control the setting and apply some treatment to observe how it affects an outcome of interest. CONCEPT — Observational Studies and Experiments
o lh‘iil‘il‘miii:il UNIT 1 — MILESTONE 1 23/29 c @ A retail brand plans to open its stores across all cities with a population of more than one million. To prepare for this, it refers to the past year's census done by the government. Which statement accurately describes the type of data the retail brand is using? The census is an example of available data because the @ O o government provides it. The census is an example of raw O data because the government provides it. The retail brand is relying on available data because O customers provide information to the census. The retail brand is relying on raw O data because it has to ask for permission to use the census. RATIONALE Since the retailer doesn't gather the data itself, but relies upon data that has already been collected, this is an example of using available data.
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lh‘iil‘il‘miii:il UNIT 1 — MILESTONE 1 o 7 Q@ A local bakery conducts a phone survey to find the most popular types of cakes. They selected 100 random phone numbers from the local telephone directory and called them. This type of sampling method is called O Convenience sampling O Systematic random sampling Simple random samplin © © - Multi-stage samplin O g piing RATIONALE By choosing randomly from the directory, all people should have an equal chance of being chosen. This would make it a simple random sample. CONCEPT — Simple Random and Systematic Random Sampling Report an issue with this question 23/29
o lh‘iil‘il‘miii:il UNIT 1 — MILESTONE 1 Choose the statement that correctly describes the confidence interval. The percentage of defective O bolts is 6% or less. The percentage of defective O bolts is between 3% and 6%. The percentage of defective O bolts is 6% or more. The percentage of defective ©@ O bolisis between 3% and 9%. RATIONALE Recall for a confidence interval, we take the point estimate +/- margin of error. Using this framework we take the point estimate of 6%, then add and subtract the margin of error, 3%. lowerbound: 6% —3% = 3% upperbound: 6% +3% =9% This gives us a Cl of 3% to 9%. CONCEPT — Margin of Error Report an issue with this question 23/29
o lh‘iil‘il‘miii:il UNIT 1 — MILESTONE 1 group of researchers recruits 200 volunteers with high cholesterol to take part in a study. The researchers place the numbers 1through 200 in a hat and have each participant select a humber. Those who picked an odd number receive the new drug, while those who picked an even number receive a placebo. Which experimental design are the researchers using? Randomized Block Design Completely Randomized Design Matched-Pair Design O g O Representative Sample Design RATIONALE When all patients are assigned treatment or control randomly without considering other factors, this is called a completely randomized design. CONCEPT — Completely Randomized Design Report an issue with this question 0 @ 23/29
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lh‘iil‘il‘miii:il UNIT 1 — MILESTONE 1 o 1ICITIdIC group 101 €dCii grduc. Vvvillin €dcr group, rie rdiridaoliriy assigns half of the students to read an article on paper and half of the students to read the article on a computer. Which type of experimental design does this situation illustrate? Double-Blind O Randomized Block O O Matched-Pair O Completely Randomized RATIONALE Since students are put into gender and grade blocks and are then assigned treatment or control randomly this is called a randomized block design. CONCEPT — Randomized Block Design Report an issue with this question 1 @ 23/29
o lh‘iil‘il‘miii:il UNIT 1 — MILESTONE 1 5 students in the hallwa O Y 150 random students at lunch © O 25 random 8th graders O g All students in chess club O RATIONALE For a sample to be representative it needs to look like the entire set of interest. So, a random sample of all students at lunch will best represent the student population of interest. CONCEPT — Random & Probability Sampling Report an issue with this question 2 @ The owner of a new store on Main Street wants to turn the boulevard outside into extra parking spaces because she is concerned about parking availability. She randomly selects 500 residents of the town to take a survey, and these individuals have confirmed their participation. One of the survey questions reads, “Many residents believe the lack of available parking on Main Street is a major problem, and extra spaces along the boulevard would help. Do you agree?” 23/29
o lh‘iil‘il‘miii:il UNIT 1 — MILESTONE 1 Response bias © O P There is no evidence of bias in ©® O the way this survey is carried out. Selection bias O RATIONALE By stating that many residents already believe parking is an issue and putting a response inside of the question, this is a good example of response bias. CONCEPT — Nonresponse and Response Bias Report an issue with this question 3 @ At a school of 900 students, 20% have blue eyes. A student randomly selects 100 students and finds 17% of them have blue eyes. A second student takes another random sample of 90 students and finds 24% of them have blue eyes. Which of the following explains why there is a difference between the two percentages? 23/29
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o lh‘iil‘il‘miii:il UNIT 1 — MILESTONE 1 23/29 The sample sizes were both too O small. Both samples suffered from non- O response bias. The samples were not random O samples. RATIONALE When sampling, there is always some variability that occurs. So, although the sample values are different and not equal to the true overall proportion of 20%, since they were randomly chosen, the differences are simply due to the variability that comes from sampling and not due to some systematic bias. As the sample size increases we would expect these differences to get smaller. CONCEPT — Random and Systematic Errors Report an issue with this question 14 @ Jenae is able to purchase a different brand of coffee for half the price from a new supplier. She anticipated that her co-workers would object to switching to the new brand, as they were really
o lh‘iil‘il‘miii:il UNIT 1 — MILESTONE 1 Wl IV & MWl P e W il PVII 1o Wi WG GITWE Il | Wl Wil FTYWUIWD 111IWOE lll\\-’l, due to the fact that the taste test was not controlled O replicated O P blinded © O randomized O RATIONALE Since they didn't keep the participants unaware of what brand they were tasting, this could influence the findings. So, the rejection of the new brand was likely due to not blinding them from what brand they were drinking. CONCEPT — Blinding Report an issue with this question 5 @ Jenae brewed each coffee flavor using an identical coffee maker model, the same water source, and the same mass of ground coffee.
o lh‘iil‘il‘miii:il UNIT 1 — MILESTONE 1 replication O O random assignment control © O O randomization RATIONALE In an experiment, control is the practice of keeping conditions as consistent as possible in order to avoid confounding variables. When Jenae makes the coffee in exactly the same way each day and for each flavor, she is practicing this principal of experimental design. CONCEPT — Experimental Design Report an issue with this question 6 @ A survey result shows that cell phone usage among teenagers rose from 63% in 2006 to 71% in 2008. Of the following choices, which two statements about cell phone use among teenagers is true? 23/29
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o lh‘iil‘il‘miii:il UNIT 1 — MILESTONE 1 Cell phone usage rose by 12.7 O percentage points. Cell phone usage rose by 8%. Cell phone usage rose by 8 O percentage points. Cell phone usage rose by 11.2%. Cell phone usage rose by 8 © ® percentage points. Cell phone usage rose by 12.7% RATIONALE We can note that the absolute difference between 2006 and 2008 is 63% to 71% or 8 percentage points. To get the percent difference we take the absolute difference and divide by the initial value: ADIOUIEAVTEIENCe _ 5 —0.127=12.7% initialvalue 63 percentdifference = So we can say cell phone usage rose by 12.7%. CONCEPT — Using Percentages in Statistics Report an issue with this question 17 @ 23/29
lh‘iil‘il‘miii:il UNIT 1 — MILESTONE 1 oD UWWIEIINwi 1l H’ P\-’ Wil WA Il Gl wOAl U‘u“, lad GII%W W Wl IWWI WWIIIW W WL lu. Meta-analysis O Yy Retrospective observational O study O Matched-pair design study Prospective observational stud o o P Y RATIONALE A study which gathers data moving forward is called a prospective study. Since the data is gathered on students without controlling the setting moving forward, it is a prospective observational design. CONCEPT — Prospective and Retrospective Studies Report an issue with this question 15 @ A team of researchers want to measure the distance covered while driving compared to a car's driving speed. Which statement is correct? 23/29
o lh‘iil‘il‘miii:il UNIT 1 — MILESTONE 1 The speed of the caris a O response variable. The speed of the caris a O dependent variable. The speed of the caris a O confounding variable. RATIONALE The outcome is the response, dependent or y -variable. The variable that explains the response is the explanatory, independent or x-variable. In this case the explanatory variable is speed with distance being the response. CONCEPT — Variables Report an issue with this question 19 @ A hunter is practicing his aim using a practice target. He takes 5 shots. All 5 shots hit the target, but they do not hit or surround the bullseye. In addition, all 5 shots are very spread apart on the target. Classify the hunter's accuracy and precision. 23/29
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lh‘iil‘il‘miii:il UNIT 1 — MILESTONE 1 o ° O LUVV aLLuldaly dliu Ivvy PYITulolvi O Low accuracy and high precision O High accuracy and high precision RATIONALE Since the arrows fall away from the bullseye and are spread out we would classify this as low accuracy and low precision. CONCEPT — Accuracy and Precision in Measurements Report an issue with this question 20 @ The following shows the Consumer Price Index (CPI) for the years 2000-2005. All of the values use a reference year of 1983. 23/29
o lh‘iil‘il‘miii:il UNIT 1 — MILESTONE 1 23/29 100 - 183.7 % 180 179.9 175 178 170 1724 . . P | | B 165 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 Year Which of the following is true about the CPI, based on the information? $100 in 1983 would be equivalent © O to0$189.70in 2004. $100 in 2000 would be O equivalent to $189.7 in 2004. $100 in 2002 would be O equivalent to $189.70 in 2004. $100 in 2004 would have been ©® O worth18970in1983. RATIONALE Recall that the CPI allows us to transform values from some year to values in another year. The value of the CPIl in the base year is 100. Since the CPI in 2004 is 189.7, this means that for $100 in the base year of 1983 is equivalent to $189.7 in 2004.
lh‘iil‘il‘miii:il UNIT 1 — MILESTONE 1 oD 2 @ Which of the following data types will be continuous? The letter grade Tyron received (O on an English test The amount of snow that fell last o (o night The number of books in the O school library The number of students who like O chocolate or strawberry or vanilla ice-cream flavors RATIONALE For data to be continuous, it must be able to take on any value inside of an interval. The amount of snow that falls can be any value and is therefore continuous. All the other measures can only take on a limited number of values. CONCEPT — Discrete vs. Continuous Data 23/29
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o lh‘iil‘il‘miii:il UNIT 1 — MILESTONE 1 22 @ Jenae's study ignored the fact that only some of her coffee choices had caffeine, even though her co-workers preferred caffeinated coffee. Therefore, Jenae decided to label one type of decaffeinated coffee as having caffeine to see what would happen. As she anticipated, this coffee became more popular with her co- workers, and they claimed that the extra boost of caffeine helped them focus on their work. The growing popularity of the decaffeinated coffee among co- workers, under the false impression that it gave them extra caffeine, is an example of a control group O the placebo effect © O a case-control study O a treatment grou O group RATIONALE Since no treatment of caffeine was given to these participants in the control group and they reported an effect, this is what we refer to as the placebo effect. 23/29
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lh‘iil‘il‘miii:il UNIT 1 — MILESTONE 1 o 3 @ To determine what percentage of 376 teachers at a university were female, Ryan randomly selected 14 teachers. He then collected and analyzed his data. Select the statement that is TRUE. There are 14 teachers in Ryan's O sample, and 362 teachers in the population. None of the answer choices are O frue. There are 376 teachers in Ryan's O sample, and 14 teachers are in the population. There are 14 teachers in Ryan's sample, and 376 teachers are in © O . the population. RATIONALE Recall the entire set of interest is the population and a sample is a subset of that population. In this question the entire set is 23/29
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o lh‘iil‘il‘miii:il UNIT 1 — MILESTONE 1 L4 -“IIIFIIIIU Report an issue with this question 24 @ A university wants to survey its undergraduates about their satisfaction with the new website. The university researchers pasted a link to the survey on the new website. A majority of the surveys showed that students were happy with the new website and found it easy to use. The university concluded that the website was fine and did not make any changes. However, on Friday, hundreds of students turned up at the Undergraduate Student Committee meeting complaining about how difficult it was to navigate the new website. University researchers realized that placing the survey on the website meant that people who liked the website were more likely to access the survey. Which of the following types of bias affected the survey's conclusions? Response bias O Deliberate bias O Non-response bias O Selection bias © O 23/29
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o lh‘iil‘il‘miii:il UNIT 1 — MILESTONE 1 Since they only collected information from those who used the website, this does not represent how students in general feel about the website and is therefore an example of selection bias. CONCEPT — Selection and Deliberate Bias Report an issue with this question 25 @ A pizza owner asked 50 customers to taste a new type of topping and found that 40 people liked its taste. Which of these is an example of descriptive statistics? 80% of the people in the city O where the pizza shop is located like the taste of the pizza topping. 80% of all the pizza shop's customers like the taste of the © 0O | pizza topping. 80% of the surveyed customers (v O like the taste of the pizza topping. 23/29
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o lh‘iil‘il‘miii:il UNIT 1 — MILESTONE 1 RATIONALE Recall a descriptive statistic is a summary figure which uses the sample information at hand. Using the sample information we know 40 of 50 people or 80% like the taste of the pizza topping. CONCEPT — Statistics Overview Report an issue with this question 26 @ A trainer is studying the effects of vitamin D on his athletes. He has realized that there are many potential confounding factors, such as gender and age. To limit the effect of these confounding variables, he decided to first group two athletes together based on these variables (for example, two 21-year-old males). Then he randomly assigned one person to receive the vitamin D and the other to receive a sugar pill. What type of experimental design does this situation demonstrate? Simple Random Design O g O Randomized Block Design 23/29
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o lh‘iil‘il‘miii:il UNIT 1 — MILESTONE 1 ° o IVviaLLliIcTu=r all L/ Tolyll RATIONALE By matching on age and gender this is called a matched-pair design. CONCEPT — Matched-Pair Design Report an issue with this question 27 @ A factory manufactures motorcycles. One of its employees, working in the quality control department, checks the first 10 and the last 10 motorcycles manufactured in a day. This is what type of sampling? O Voluntary response sampling Stratified samplin O g © O Convenience sampling Systematic samplin o O y g 23/29
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lh‘iil‘il‘miii:il UNIT 1 — MILESTONE 1 o 23/29 samples are generally biased as they probably don't represent the entire set of interest. CONCEPT — Convenience & Self-Selected Samples Report an issue with this question 28 @ “Ugh,” Daniel says as he notices an office memo on his desk. It had been a fun weekend, and Monday morning came much too soon. He goes to the kitchen to refill his coffee mug. On the way, he runs into Sean, who asks, “How do you feel about the new office dress code?” Which type of question has Sean asked? Closed question O O Open and binomial question Open guestion @ O O Closed and binomial question RATIONALE
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lh‘iil‘il‘miii:il UNIT 1 — MILESTONE 1 o e’ e’ 1| U %’ i |} — Question Types Report an issue with this question 29 @ Rob sent an email survey to 2,000 cell phone owners asking about their satisfaction with their current plan. Only 256 people returned the survey and they were predominately 18-24 years old. Which of the following statements is true? The survey suffers from census O issues because only 256 people responded. Rob is ignoring the assumption O that all survey participants will want to act independently. Rob included too many people on the survey list, affecting the O data collected. The survey likely has bias because the people who could o © not answer differ from those who did answer. 23/29
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CJ "ifllfl"lflifii' UNIT 1 — MILESTONE 1 23/29 -rE = = 5 we = W = 2w =3 w = == = e = om -vvlvv--v-v--- - = - o - -v-lvv--v-v-v -——m m = wm = = e o= o= responders differ, we would worry about this affecting how they responded. CONCEPT — Bias Report an issue with this question % About Contact Us Privacy Policy Cookie Policy Terms of Use Your Privacy Choices © 2023 SOPHIA Learning, LLC. SOPHIA is a registered trademark of SOPHIA Learning, LLC.
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