Assignment 3
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Assignment 3 Name: ____Tony Espinal_______ Date: _________5/20/2024______________
For Assignment 3, I want you to work through four Donovan Modules that go over various methods for calculating population demography and PVA for plant and wildlife populations. These are population level estimates derived from scaling individual estimates and pooling the average across the population. This is an important distinction to keep in mind. Population level estimates do not apply to individuals, they apply to populations and provide us insight into the viability of the population, from which we can infer information on the stability and quality of the landscape that the species/population occupies. For this assignment, you will work through the modules and answer the question below. These questions are a summary of the questions from the Donovan Module. You need not answer all the questions from the Donovan modules, just the subset and summary questions below. They are organized by chapter below. Chapter 11
Q1.) What are the assumptions of the age-structured matrix model you have created in this exercise? No genetic age or sex structures as well as all individuals being reproductively active.
Q2.) Based on Figure 5. Is the population Increasing, stable or decreasing –past a copy of Fog. 5.
The populations increasing. Q3.) Based on Figure 7, at what point does the plot asymptote? This is the point at which a stable
age distribution is reached. At this point the value of λ
t
is λ. What is λ? Paste Figure 7 here. The plot Asymptotes at 19 years; λ = 1.18
Chapter 12
Q1.) What are the assumptions of the age-structured matrix model you have created in this exercise?
All individuals in population make the same contribution to population change without taking size, age, sex, stage or genetics into play.
Q2.) What is λ? How would you describe the finite rate of population growth for this sea-turtle population, is it growing, stable, or declining? Declining λ= 0.95158
Q3.) What is the composition of the population (proportion of individuals that are hatchlings, small juveniles, large juveniles, subadults, and adults) when the population has reached a stable distribution? Set up the headings shown below. In the cell below the Hatchlings cell (cell I11) enter a formula (See Donovan Ch 11 Q2 for formula) to calculate the proportion of the total population in year 100 that consists of hatchlings (assuming λ
t has stabilized by year 100). Enter formulae to compute the proportions of the remaining stage classes in cells
below the other stage-class headings. The five proportions calculated should sum to 1, and give the stable stage distribution.
I
J
K
L
M
Hatchlings
Small Juvs.
Large Juvs
Sub Adults Adults Q4.) One of the threats to the loggerhead sea turtle is accidental capture and drowning in shrimp trawls. One way to prevent this occurrence is to install escape hatches in shrimp trawl nets. These “turtle exclusion devices” (TEDS) can drastically reduce the mortality of larger turtles. The following matrix shows what might happen to the stage matrix if TEDS were widely installed in existing trawl nets:
If the initial abundance is 100,000 turtles, distributed among stages at 30,000 hatchlings, 50,000 small juveniles, 18,000 large juveniles, and 2,000 subadults, and 1 adult, how does the use of TEDS influence population dynamics? Provide a graph and discuss your answer in terms of population size, structure, and growth. Discuss how the use of TEDS affects the F and P parameters in the Lefkovitch matrix.
TEDS increases fecundity of subadults and adults, while increasing the probability of survival
in every life stage. Population increases yearly while age distribution stabilizes after 83 years
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Year
Amazon Annual Revenue(Billions of US dollars)
2020
386.064
2019
280.522
2018
232.887
2017
177.866
2016
135.987
2015
107.006
2014
88.988
2013
74.452
2012
61.093
2011
48.077
2010
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e A-
A AClear Formatting
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Sensitivity
11
In 2014, Colorado was found to have a population of 5,355,866 and a land area of 103,642 square miles.
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528
715
366
391
815
527
441
976
588
278
559
686
604
498
947
1026
515
474
728
796
493
526
919
1122
304
519
559
453
438
236
176
454
661
361
226
478
381
698
351
157
347
428
554
332
610
279
237
796
365
998
618
523
491
380
804
758
1153
674
731
553
422
552
645
506
480
843
683
682
581
601
493
372
613
836
390
1053
816
936
152
444
695
597
430
920
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996
452
506
376
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Answer 4 5 6 7
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528
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527
441
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588
278
559
686
604
498
947
1026
515
474
728
796
493
526
919
1122
304
519
559
453
438
236
176
454
661
361
226
478
381
698
351
157
347
428
554
332
610
279
237
796
365
998
618
523
491
380
804
758
1153
674
731
553
422
552
645
506
480
843
683
682
581
601
493
372
613
836
390
1053
816
936
152
444
695
597
430
920
607
996
452
506
376
282
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Rate
528
715
366
391
815
527
441
976
588
278
559
686
604
498
947
1026
515
474
728
796
493
526
919
1122
304
519
559
453
438
236
176
454
661
361
226
478
381
698
351
157
347
428
554
332
610
279
237
796
365
998
618
523
491
380
804
758
1153
674
731
553
422
552
645
506
480
843
683
682
581
601
493
372
613
836
390
1053
816
936
152
444
695
597
430
920
607
996
452
506
376
282
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528
715
366
391
815
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441
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588
278
559
686
604
498
947
1026
515
474
728
796
493
526
919
1122
304
519
559
453
438
236
176
454
661
361
226
478
381
698
351
157
347
428
554
332
610
279
237
796
365
998
618
523
491
380
804
758
1153
674
731
553
422
552
645
506
480
843
683
682
581
601
493
372
613
836
390
1053
816
936
152
444
695
597
430
920
607
996
452
506
376
282
arrow_forward
Rate
528
715
366
391
815
527
441
976
588
278
559
686
604
498
947
1026
515
474
728
796
493
526
919
1122
304
519
559
453
438
236
176
454
661
361
226
478
381
698
351
157
347
428
554
332
610
279
237
796
365
998
618
523
491
380
804
758
1153
674
731
553
422
552
645
506
480
843
683
682
581
601
493
372
613
836
390
1053
816
936
152
444
695
597
430
920
607
996
452
506
376
282
arrow_forward
Rate
528
715
366
391
815
527
441
976
588
278
559
686
604
498
947
1026
515
474
728
796
493
526
919
1122
304
519
559
453
438
236
176
454
661
361
226
478
381
698
351
157
347
428
554
332
610
279
237
796
365
998
618
523
491
380
804
758
1153
674
731
553
422
552
645
506
480
843
683
682
581
601
493
372
613
836
390
1053
816
936
152
444
695
597
430
920
607
996
452
506
376
282
arrow_forward
Rate
528
715
366
391
815
527
441
976
588
278
559
686
604
498
947
1026
515
474
728
796
493
526
919
1122
304
519
559
453
438
236
176
454
661
361
226
478
381
698
351
157
347
428
554
332
610
279
237
796
365
998
618
523
491
380
804
758
1153
674
731
553
422
552
645
506
480
843
683
682
581
601
493
372
613
836
390
1053
816
936
152
444
695
597
430
920
607
996
452
506
376
282
arrow_forward
Rate
528
715
366
391
815
527
441
976
588
278
559
686
604
498
947
1026
515
474
728
796
493
526
919
1122
304
519
559
453
438
236
176
454
661
361
226
478
381
698
351
157
347
428
554
332
610
279
237
796
365
998
618
523
491
380
804
758
1153
674
731
553
422
552
645
506
480
843
683
682
581
601
493
372
613
836
390
1053
816
936
152
444
695
597
430
920
607
996
452
506
376
282
arrow_forward
Rate
528
715
366
391
815
527
441
976
588
278
559
686
604
498
947
1026
515
474
728
796
493
526
919
1122
304
519
559
453
438
236
176
454
661
361
226
478
381
698
351
157
347
428
554
332
610
279
237
796
365
998
618
523
491
380
804
758
1153
674
731
553
422
552
645
506
480
843
683
682
581
601
493
372
613
836
390
1053
816
936
152
444
695
597
430
920
607
996
452
506
376
282
arrow_forward
Rate
528
715
366
391
815
527
441
976
588
278
559
686
604
498
947
1026
515
474
728
796
493
526
919
1122
304
519
559
453
438
236
176
454
661
361
226
478
381
698
351
157
347
428
554
332
610
279
237
796
365
998
618
523
491
380
804
758
1153
674
731
553
422
552
645
506
480
843
683
682
581
601
493
372
613
836
390
1053
816
936
152
444
695
597
430
920
607
996
452
506
376
282
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2
8
4
12
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of $170.97 and a sample of 23 automobiles 2 years old showed a sample standard deviation for annual repair costs of $118.25. Let 4 year old automobiles be represented by
population 1. The data is located in the Microsoft Excel Online file below.
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X
Open spreadsheet
1. State the null and alternative versions of the research hypothesis that the variance in annual repair costs is larger for the older automobiles.
☺ 0² ₂
Ho: 0²1
Ha: 0² 1
0²
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Park City, Utah
Year
1900
1930
1940
1950
1970
1980
1990
2000
2009
Population
3759
4281
3739
2254
1193
2823
4468
7341
11983
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O a change in concavity and neither a relative maximum nor a relative minimum
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- Rate 528 715 366 391 815 527 441 976 588 278 559 686 604 498 947 1026 515 474 728 796 493 526 919 1122 304 519 559 453 438 236 176 454 661 361 226 478 381 698 351 157 347 428 554 332 610 279 237 796 365 998 618 523 491 380 804 758 1153 674 731 553 422 552 645 506 480 843 683 682 581 601 493 372 613 836 390 1053 816 936 152 444 695 597 430 920 607 996 452 506 376 282arrow_forwardRate 528 715 366 391 815 527 441 976 588 278 559 686 604 498 947 1026 515 474 728 796 493 526 919 1122 304 519 559 453 438 236 176 454 661 361 226 478 381 698 351 157 347 428 554 332 610 279 237 796 365 998 618 523 491 380 804 758 1153 674 731 553 422 552 645 506 480 843 683 682 581 601 493 372 613 836 390 1053 816 936 152 444 695 597 430 920 607 996 452 506 376 282arrow_forwardRate 528 715 366 391 815 527 441 976 588 278 559 686 604 498 947 1026 515 474 728 796 493 526 919 1122 304 519 559 453 438 236 176 454 661 361 226 478 381 698 351 157 347 428 554 332 610 279 237 796 365 998 618 523 491 380 804 758 1153 674 731 553 422 552 645 506 480 843 683 682 581 601 493 372 613 836 390 1053 816 936 152 444 695 597 430 920 607 996 452 506 376 282arrow_forward
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