lesson 1 UNIT 1 CC-291-PD-291 intor to policing

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Jun 2, 2024

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UNIT 1: ORIGINS OF POLICING LESSON 1: INTRODUCTION - ORIGINS AND EARLY DEVELOPMENT TASKS  Complete the Library tutorial (right click to open link - select open in new tab or window) https://library.wlu.ca/help/tutorials/introduction-library-online-students  Listen to the assigned media (links provided in lesson)  Post to Lesson 1 discussion forum.  Note: there are sections with additional readings discussed to enhance the Lesson material, these are not required readings. Required readings listed in the Readings section are required and testable material  For a complete listing of all due dates consult the course calendar LEARNING OUTCOMES By the end of this lesson you should be able to:  Discuss the origins, structure, and evolution of policing in England  Identify and explain the various controversies surrounding the creation of police  List the policing principles of Sir Robert Peel  Describe the evolution of police work in Canada  Explain the roles of the early municipal and provincial police and RCMP  Describe and differentiate key developments in Canadian police work during the late 20th and early 21st centuries READINGS  Read Griffiths Chapter 2 - Page 25 - 34  Bayley, D. H., & Shearing, C. D. (1996). "The Future of Policing "  Sheptycki, J (2005) PDF version in Supplemental Readings  Read Lesson 1 INTRODUCTION - ORIGINS AND EARLY DEVELOPMENT INTRODUCTION: THE ORIGINS OF POLICING

The development of Canadian policing has been strongly influenced by the system of policing that emerged in England in the 1800s. However, this service provided in Canada has had a unique history unto itself and has evolved into an organization that is quite distinct from that of England and the United States. It is clear by the lack of “Canadian centric” textbooks and journal articles that the distinctness of the Canadian Policing is often overlooked. Quick! In your study notes list some unique features about Police, Police Structure, and/or Policy that set Canada apart from the US, UK and/or Australia. When you have finished click on reveal below to compare answers. Reveal Before we can examine modern Canadian policing, it is important to examine the history. There are a few key terms not often referred to in current discussions of policing but it is important to understand them because they provide the context for the development and complexity of societies and the emergence of concerns over personal and communal protection. Take a moment . . . Think about what the following definitions and how they relate to one another:  Hue and Cry In early England, the requirement that able-bodied men assist the police in the pursuit and apprehension of law violators. Failure to do so could result in punishment of the “derelict citizen” often equal to that of the lawbreaker.  Frankpledge Every free man between fifteen and sixty was required to enroll in a tything whose members were then responsible for reporting crimes and to respond to hue and cry.  Tythingman Elected community spokesman responsible for keeping order; considered the forerunner of the English police officer. Had the authority to collect fines and demand bail.  The Statute of Winchester A statute that made policing a community responsibility and called for night watches and the statute also allowed constables to arrest lawbreakers.  Justice of the Peace Act The act that centralized peacekeeping duties under justices of the peace appointed by the king. The Justice of the peace replaced the shire-reeve. This act subordinated the police to the judiciary and resulted in injustice and corruption. The vocabulary presented above demonstrates the progression of police centralization and reflects the growing complexity of society. This vocabulary will be important as you move through this first lesson.

Enjoy! Learning Activity (Optional) As you go through each lesson, you will notice "Learning & Personal Activities" along the way. These are for you to complete individually, to help you understand and remember the material. As your first activity for this course, I invite you to read the Ontario Justice Education Network that describes the origins of the Justice Peace act in England and its development in Canada and Ontario. Access the article . This could be used as an article for the executive summary requirement. NOTE: It is best to use these lesson notes to assist you as you summarize the reading. To get the full benefit of the lesson below the assigned reading should be completed beforehand. THE EMERGENCE OF MODERN POLICING As discussed in the Griffiths text (Griffiths, 2016 p.27-28) centralized police service is a relatively new phenomenon. Rural agrarian societies applied retribution against members that contravened social customs and folkways. The increasing complexity of societies reduced the effectiveness of self-policing and the system of codified laws laid the foundation for centralized authority. The first organized police force in England was established in the mid-1700s by Henry Fielding called the Bow Street Runners . Some features that made them distinct included:  Adequately paid (to lessen bribe taking)  Equipped with batons, handcuffs and uniforms  Delivered court testimony  Duty of patrol Bow Street Runners courtesy of Esther M. Zimmer Lederberg Memorial Website Civil unrest in the late 1700 and early 1800 spurred on by the Industrial Revolution, caused push back by the labour force who resisted the idea of a 24-hour, organized police force. Sir Robert Peel attempted to establish a metropolitan police force but his advances were voted down seventeen times from 1822-1828. It was noted by one parliamentary subcommittee that “in a free society, there should only be rational and humane laws, making a police force unnecessary” (Griffiths, 2016, p.28). Peels push for a full-time, unarmed police force was successful in 1829 and is embodied in the Metropolitan Police Act (Griffiths, 2016, p.28). In order to legitimize the new

“bobbies” or “Peelers”, Sir Robert Peel outlined some of the benefits of having a centralized force. Bobbies would:  Serve the interests of all citizens  Prevent crime  Be recruited from the working class  Be recruited through a standardized recruiting process  Receive professional training  Play a role in establishing community police stations  Engage in proactive policing Picture of 1850s peeler courtesy of Wikimedia commons Equally important to the development of a professional police force Peel also formulated several principals that serve as the basis for community policing. The Principles of Sir Robert Peel:  Prevent crime and disorder  Use force only when necessary  Perform duties in accordance with public approval  Maintain a relationship with the public based on the ideal that police are the public  Secure the cooperation of the public  Do not usurp the powers of the judiciary  Public cooperation decreases with physical force  Police efficiency is found in the absence of crime and disorder  Maintain public favour by remaining impartial Take a moment . . . Do the principals developed by Peel in the early 19th century still apply in our 21st world? Consider each of Peels principles: which ones do you believe are still relevant for police services and which ones are less relevant or even irrelevant? Also, in retrospect, do you think that the early Londoners were right to be suspicious of the creation of an organized police force? LESSON 1: INTRODUCTION - ORIGINS AND EARLY DEVELOPMENT

EARLY CANADIAN POLICE NWMP, Dawson, Yukon July 1900 courtesy of Wikimedia Commons The Mounties “always get their man” Marc Montgomery Radio Canada International The ideal, printed above in a Newspaper article from 1877, is familiar to most if not all Canadians. The article outlines the success of the North West Mounted Police (predecessor to the RCMP) in clearing “up illegal whisky trade” and summarizes their work with the now familiar “Mounties always get their man”. Early policing in Canada was dependent on community enforcement and largely mirrored nineteenth century models of punishment and correction. Police work in Canada in the mid-1800s was marked by significant diversity; each region had its own policing arrangements which reflected the needs of the community. The text outlines some of those differences in such places as Halifax, Newfoundland and Quebec (Griffiths, 2016, p.30). Important dates in Canadian policing history for the creation of first constables:  Quebec (1651)  Upper Canada (now Ontario) early 1800s  Policing in the west late 1800s It is also noted that, during this time, there was an increasing concern about the “criminal classes” and the perception that crime was becoming widespread. This scholarly debate of this continues to present day (Government of Canada –DOJ, Public Perception of Crime ). This executive summary notes that the general Canadian crime trend is down, but indicates that specific crimes, such as youth crime are concerning. As in the 1800s, what is clear now, as was then, the government plays a more “proactive” approach in creating systems for controlling crime, during this time period it is clear that activity was creating police forces. Sheriffs, police chiefs and constables were initially responsible to local elected government officials such as the mayor and the councillors/aldermen, therefore, these positions were appointments made at the mercy of local politicians. Here again, the suggestion of politics arose, in that councillors might favour one police candidate over another. As you read the “Early Municipal Police” in the Griffiths (2016) text, note the various implementations of police forces across Canada. And, how duties were carried out and by whom.

In some parts of Canada, more notably Ontario, the provincial government stepped in and created Boards of Commissioners of Police, which consisted of a majority of provincial appointees. This sparked resentment from municipal officials who resented having to raise taxes to pay for policing over which they had no control. This controversy continues until today. In other provinces, such as Nova Scotia, the Police Commissions still exist. Life in rural Canada was different. In areas far removed from military centers, neighbourhood "Watches" were established and early patrols of villages by volunteers were common. In rural Canada, the Maritimes were a prime example of Robert Peel's concept: "The People Are the Police and the Police are the People." In many parts of rural Canada, policing did not come about until the creation of the Royal Canadian Mounted Police as a federal force. But that will be discussed in Lesson 2. Learning Activity (optional) Before we move on, here is an option to assist with note taking as you move through the lesson plan. Create a chart identifying major themes in policing in upper Canada, lower Canada, West (B.C), Halifax and Newfoundland. Ensure you specifically address the roles of the early municipal and provincial police and RCMP. Your chart may look something like this: Location Policing Developments Upper Canada Lower Canada *West Nova Scotia/Newfoundland Once you have completed your charts click on reveal to compare answers. Location Policing Developments Upper Canada Appointment of high constables; unpaid constables within parish’s/township. Similar Lower Canada Justices of the Peace appointed constables; rejection of French dominated policing m *West First police force established in 1871; followed the Irish Constabulary model Nova Scotia/Newfoundland *Captains of fishing vessels “fishing admirals” were appointed to fight crime and kee

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