PSY 624 Draft Literature Review

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PSY 624 PSY 624 – Intersection of Law and Psychology Module THREE – DRAFT OF LITERATURE REVIEW Sue Ann Staton September 11, 2022 Rachell Jones

In recent years, the news media as well as society itself has cast much confusion on psychological issues regarding victimology and correctional psychology. With non-stop breaking news stories, in-depth police investigations, research studies and nasty bi-partisan commentary, the state of the times seems to be all out chaos. The programs put in place for victims of trauma appear to be leading the crusade in organizing actual consistent data regarding treatment. Many options are currently available for survivors for therapy and aftercare. This review will evaluate evidence-based treatment programs for the trauma victim as well as the offender. Efficiency and admissibility are constant obstacles in establishing a viable treatment program. This review will address ethical guidelines of the Apa's Ethical Principle of Psychologists and code of conduct. Various Supreme Court rulings as well as other significant decisions will be included and discussed at length. REVIEW Non-Violent Offender This term refers to an individual who commits a crime yet does not use force or harm anyone in the process. In these cases, there is proof that the offender’s purpose is target based, hence there was no intent to do harm to another person. Examples range from a pickpocket to a fraudulent trader on Wall Street. If a weapon was present during the crime, it is automatically considered violent. The severity of these crimes is usually based on a dollar amount, loss to the victim. These criminal charges are much less of a burden to the offender because the loss is usually replaceable with minimal psychological effect.

The most common non-violent offender in this country is drug possession charges. It is often a controversial topic, because in many states, carrying any type of controlled substance calls for harsh sentencing similar to a violent offender. There are plenty of men stuck in prison indefinitely for selling Marijuana, even though it has now become legalized in that particular state. Furthermore, once there is a criminal record, it becomes exceedingly difficult to find employment or a residence. This spawns the repeat offender, born out of pure necessity. Prison administrations attempt to address these issues with a range of re-entry programs. Vocational education and trade career training is offered to most inmates. Prison administrators attempt to instill newfound work ethics and encourage learning a new skill set re (Newton et al., 2018). In reality, however, the ex-con is labeled and struggling daily to overcome the hand he was dealt. Nevertheless, the former inmate is thrilled to be released from behind bars. He struggles but continues to strive forward with new trade skills to hopefully become a valued and respected employee. Research into prison re-entry clearly shows that coming out with a new skill set gives the offender a positive start while eliminating the necessity to return to a life of crime. “those who received more of the employment intervention reported less alcohol, marijuana, cocaine, and multiple substance use than those in other groups, as well as less criminal activity at follow- up. Specifically, participants in the high upgrading group reported less: property damage, handling of stolen goods, stealing an item worth more than US$50, selling marijuana, or having friends who sold drugs than those in either the low-upgrading or the control group. This suggests that substance-involved ex-offenders who remain engaged in an employment intervention have more positive outcomes across a range of areas than those who drop out early or do not receive a specialist service.” (Newton et al., 2018).

Without a doubt, these new job skills become extremely valuable because they turn a marked man that would have been turned away into a business asset for the company looking to hire. In recent years, a government kick back called the Work Opportunity Tax Credit funds $2400 to companies that hire felons for a fresh start. And major companies like Lowe’s, DART, Dr. Pepper, and Albertson’s to name a few, are already on file (www.irs.gov). This is a huge step in preventing recidivism in the future, because felons will be more welcomed into a better way of life. Violent Offenders This term refers to an offender that brought harm to the victim. They used force upon another individual or used some sort of weapon to threaten them. If a weapon was even present at the scene, it will be considered violent, even if the weapon was never used. When a particularly violent crime is on the news, most of us are baffled at how things can escalate to such a point. Perhaps it is human nature to figure it out, so that we are never faced with such horror? According to Daniels et al., 2018, “Offender-based research holds much promise for law enforcement, prosecutors, and others in the criminal justice system. By gaining a deeper understanding of the motives and the methods of criminal activity, criminologists and psychologists will be better positioned to offer tools for those in the field and policy recommendations for decision makers.” However, it has been under the microscope forever, yet DNA evidence has recently freed hundreds of men that were falsely convicted of something as horrible as rape and murder. Back in the 80s and 90s, crooked police and prosecutors would frame a minority man up to look like they closed the case quickly and efficiently. Crime scene

investigations must be under constant and consistent review to prevent any more wrongful convictions. Many of these men sat on Death Row for 20 years (www.innocenceproject.org). “Offender-based research must clearly articulate in order to gauge the right policies and therapies, there has to be a consistent study for those in the system. and follow standardized methods, including data collection procedures and data analysis methods. Insofar as these basic scientific principles are not reported, comparisons across studies and replication of methods are not possible. The result is a hodgepodge of studies that cannot be linked, as well as limited generalizability or transferability.” (Daniels et al., 2018). Childhood Traum a The tragedy of childhood trauma is difficult for anyone involved to even process sometimes, much less accept the wreckage and try to be useful. However, children are resilient and so are their bodies. Both brain and body are constantly molding and growing rapidly. Interestingly enough, a child’s brain scars it receives information. These scars have a grip hold on who they become. Something such as a child losing a favorite toy can have a significant ripple effect on their development. “The fact that stress events in early childhood may affect depression in adulthood suggests that multiple factors may present and be shaped over time to mediate this effect.” (Wang et al., 2020). An elite group of psychologists formed to conduct intensive studies on the relationship between childhood trauma and clinical depression later in adolescence. A child’s brain is so continually open for interpretation, so it was an excellent opportunity to probe into their understanding of how early such trauma affected their entire existence, even though they may

not even have a clear picture of the trauma events. “The study investigated the effects of childhood trauma on depression diagnosis, severity, and treatment outcome. More importantly, the effect of childhood trauma on depression onset was found to be mediated by dysfunctional attitudes. The association between childhood maltreatment and depressive symptoms was found to be explained by dysfunctional attitudes and cortisol levels in MDD patients. In addition, baseline childhood trauma is associated with the antidepressant treatment outcome during early phase of treatment and baseline cortisol levels are related to the antidepressant treatment outcome in later phases of treatment.” (Wang et al., 2020). The final results highlighted the relationship between the psychological and biological elements in the brain during childhood trauma which has led to depression.diagnosis and even severity. The study also showed that childhood trauma and cortisol levels may be moderators for antidepressant treatment response. In addition, the study identified the treatment effect on cortisol levels and dysfunctional attitudes, so the baseline childhood trauma and cortisol levels could be used to predict antidepressant treatment outcome in a different treatment phase. Childhood trauma and depression has been exceedingly difficult to treat due to dysfunctional attitudes that carry over from severe childhood mistreatment administered during cognitive interventions possible to help treat depressed patients with severe childhood maltreatment through cognitive interventions Now, there is a serious need to identify the role of dysfunctional attitudes between childhood trauma and antidepressant treatment to further develop and study more effective treatments for those suffering and confused (Wang et al., 2020). Literature Review

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