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Ryan Norris 1 st article Dr. Canfield PSY 257 PSY 257 Literature Review Template Please note: Keep in mind that the following questions are practice and preparation for the more detailed literature review elements to come. When you complete your literature review, you will be addressing more specific elements. These questions are the first thing to think about when beginning a literature review. What is the title of the article? Provide a citation for the article in APA format. Lessons from social psychology on discrediting psychiatric stigma. Corrigan, P. W., & Penn, D. L. (2015). Lessons from social psychology on discrediting psychiatric stigma. Stigma and Health , 1 (S), 2–17. https://doi-org.ezproxy.snhu.edu/10.1037/2376-6972.1.S.2 What is the purpose of the article? The purpose of this article is to bring attention to the stigma of severe mental illness. Also, to recognize that ethnic minority and other group stereotypes need to be considered when implementing strategies to deter the stigma. Studies show trying to help could be hurtful and harmful to those minorities. What is the hypothesis of the study? In other words, what claims do the authors make in the article? In this article, authors argue that efforts to reduce stigmatization of persons with severe mental illness will be strengthened using theory and findings from the social psychology literature on stigma reduction for persons of ethnic minorities and other “out-groups.” (Corrigan,

2015) Claiming that reducing the stigmatization of mentally ill patients will provide the patients with a higher quality of life. What variables (factors) are being looked at regarding appropriate social thinking? The variables that are being looked at regarding the appropriate social thinking are the methods of how to educate the populous. Researchers are looking at different avenues of approach as not all people learn through the same method. Through protest, advertising campaigns, contact, brochures, and media are different variable methods for literation purposes. Another variable that the researchers are studying is the different responses in women and men. If these variables or the relationship between these variables have been studied before, what have other studies found? This shows historical significance. These variables have been found in studies from the past. Other studies have shown research indicates that persons who have a better understanding of mental illness are less likely to endorse stigma and discrimination (Corrigan, 2015). Other variables that have been researched are the interaction between the males and females towards the mentally ill. Research supports that women are more likely to be kind than males. What type of research design is used in the study? Several research designs were used. Observation, correlational and descriptive were some of the study designs that the researchers used. Researchers examined the mentally ill clients. They researched previous beliefs and stigmas against the mentally ill. Finally, they correlated relationships and personal approaches to reduce the stigma for mentally ill diagnosed individuals. Do you think the research in this article was conducted in an ethical manner? Why or why not?

I do believe this article was conducted in an ethical manner because of the respect and openness of the research. When the researchers were looking at previous cases, they had the utmost respect for anonymity. The researchers also discredited those who were perpetuation the stereotype to have a more diverse selection.

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Ryan Norris 2 nd Article PSY 257 Literature Review Template Please note: Keep in mind that the following questions are practice and preparation for the more detailed literature review elements to come. When you complete your literature review, you will be addressing more specific elements. These questions are the first thing to think about when beginning a literature review. What is the title of the article? Provide a citation for the article in APA format. Monforton, J., Vickers, K., & Antony, M. M. (2012). "If only I didn't embarrass myself in front of the class!": Social anxiety and upward counterfactual thinking. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 31 (3), 312-328. http://dx.doi.org.ezproxy.snhu.edu/101521jscp2012313312 What is the purpose of the article? The purpose of this article is to examine the relationship between social anxiety (SA) and upward counterfactual thinking (U-CFT), (Monforton, 2012). The researchers wanted to examine how individuals with anxiety related with controlling their thoughts with opposite thinking. What is the hypothesis of the study? In other words, what claims do the authors make in the article? Researchers hypothesize that social anxiety stems from beliefs that one is likely to behave incompetently in social situations, be negatively evaluated by others, and suffer dire social consequences as a result (Monforton, 2012). Basically, negative thoughts about an individual’s self will lead to the emotional feeling of social anxiety. What variables (factors) are being looked at regarding appropriate social thinking?

Variable factors being examined regarding appropriate social thinking would include social anxiety, counterfactual thinking, and depression (Monforton, 2020). Researchers are examining interactions between those with self-reported issues. Issues consist of counterfactual thoughts, low-anxiety, high-anxiety, depression, perfectionism, and rumination. Correlations has been found between thought and emotions but specifying causation is a lot harder. If these variables or the relationship between these variables have been studied before, what have other studies found? This shows historical significance. These variables have been studied before and those studies found that anxiety and depression were often correlated. “For instance, Kocovski and colleagues (2005) explored this topic via a similar design; however, the current study adds to this paper by assessing the potential impact of the controllability of an aversive social event on subsequent U-CFT generation and by explicitly measuring potential mediating variables (such as depression) in the association of SA and U- CFT. “, (Monforton, 2020). Using a slightly different variable like perfectionism as an indicator of causation. The previous experiments have not been so intricate as to dissect how U-CFT and anxiety are generated. What type of research design is used in the study? The researchers use and experiment with (n=88; 58 females and 30 males). They observed and manipulated the variables in the experiment. Some of the clients were students that received partial credit while others were paid $10 for their participation. Do you think the research in this article was conducted in an ethical manner? Why or why not?

Most of the research that reported on the analysis was completed ethically. I do not believe how they reported the information as ethical. If an experiment is going to be done for a medical purpose to distribute information to assist the public, it needs to be real. For example, these targets were all self-diagnosed. If a report is going to help those with diagnosed anxiety than the experiment should be performed with those who are truly diagnosed by a medical professional. Anyone can say they are anxious and make $10. How does this ethically pertain to someone like me who is, medically, diagnosed with PTSD?

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Ryan Norris 3 rd Article PSY 257 Literature Review Template Please note: Keep in mind that the following questions are practice and preparation for the more detailed literature review elements to come. When you complete your literature review, you will be addressing more specific elements. These questions are the first thing to think about when beginning a literature review. What is the title of the article? Provide a citation for the article in APA format. Stein, A., Pearson, R., Goodman, S., Rapa, E., Rahman, A., McCallum, M., . . . Pariante, C. (2014). Effects of perinatal mental disorders on the fetus and child. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0140673614612770 What is the purpose of the article? The purpose of this article is to help present empirical evidence that perinatal mental disorders are associated with increased risk of psychological and developmental disturbances in children (Stein, 2014). With this information the medical field can have a more preventative and informative approach to psychological possibilities during the perinatal stage. What is the hypothesis of the study? In other words, what claims do the authors make in the article? The hypothesis of this study is that, postnatally, maternal mental disorders might change maternal caregiving, which in animal studies lead to epigenetic changes in offspring. Thus, epigenetic pathways might mediate the association between maternal disorders and child outcomes (Stein, 2014). Research is supporting the empirical evidence that mental disorders may be hereditary. What variables (factors) are being looked at regarding to appropriate social thinking?

Different variables that are being examined by the research to appropriate social thinking are stress and anxiety increases glucocorticoid and methylation. Other variables are the biological connections to the father and mother and the possible physiological connections to mental illness. If these variables or the relationship between these variables have been studied before, what have other studies found? This shows historical significance. Variables as specific as these have not been studied before. However, variables such as the effectiveness of perinatal mental health services or independent maternal health. The findings of these research projects all supported the assessment that mental health is a real concern prior to conception. What type of research design is used in the study? The type of research design used in this study was a longitudinal study. These studies make comparison of a period. Taking the time to research the information and follow the outcome is a tedious process. Do you think the research in this article was conducted in an ethical manner? Why or why not? I do believe the research from this article was conducted in an ethical manner because they kept the documentation sacred without spilling secrets. They were professional in their response and made no assumptions that were not supported by empirical evidence.

Ryan Norris 4 th Article PSY 257 Literature Review Template Please note: Keep in mind that the following questions are practice and preparation for the more detailed literature review elements to come. When you complete your literature review, you will be addressing more specific elements. These questions are the first thing to think about when beginning a literature review. What is the title of the article? Provide a citation for the article in APA format. Pachankis, J. E., Clark, K. A., Burton, C. L., Hughto, J. M. W., Bränström, R., & Keene, D. E. (2020). Sex, status, competition, and exclusion: Intra-minority stress from within the gay community and gay and bisexual men’s mental health. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 119 (3), 713–740. https://doi-org.ezproxy.snhu.edu/10.1037/p spp0000282 What is the purpose of the article? The purpose of this article is to show that connection to the stressors of the gay and bisexual life of men to be correlated with their social status perspective. Overall, these experiments provide partial support for the possibility that gay and bisexual men's status concerns underlie their experience of gay community stress (Pachankis, 2020). Providing opportunities for mental illness to thrive through depression and anxiety, which is common in this lifestyle. What is the hypothesis of the study? In other words, what claims do the authors make in the article? The claims the researchers make are that the individual’s obsession with social status is a precursor for the overall stress and anxiety they are feeling. Researchers also hypothesize that intra-minority gay community stress will mediate the association between one’s status in the gay community and their mental health (Pachankis, 2020)

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What variables (factors) are being looked at regarding appropriate social thinking? Different variables that were factored into the research regarding social thinking were the participants sexual preference and ethnicity. Social status of the community was also a factor. Self-assessed rejection versus acceptance emotions were also variables measured. If these variables or the relationship between these variables have been studied before, what have other studies found? This shows historical significance. Previous research finds associations between the scale of internalized homophobia within gay and bisexual men and depression. This connection leads to mental health discoveries. Research has also shown previously rejection from presumably heterosexual men yielded higher felt exclusion than rejection from gay men (Pachankis, 2020). This supports the connections between exclusion, rejection, and depression. What type of research design is used in the study? The research design used for this study was an experiment with observations of independent variables. Researchers also used surveys and content analysis to obtain their findings. Do you think the research in this article was conducted in an ethical manner? Why or why not? Yes, this article was conducted in an ethical manner. The targets were treated equally, and human rights were considered while dealing with these men. All participants cooperated willingly, and anonymity was kept throughout the entire experiment.

Ryan Norris 5 th Article PSY 257 Literature Review Template Please note: Keep in mind that the following questions are practice and preparation for the more detailed literature review elements to come. When you complete your literature review, you will be addressing more specific elements. These questions are the first thing to think about when beginning a literature review. What is the title of the article? Provide a citation for the article in APA format. Tama, L., Brooks-Gunn, J., (2003). Moving to Opportunity: An Experimental Study of Neighborhood Effects on Mental Health. American Journal of Public Health 93, 1576_1582, https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.93.9.1576 What is the purpose of the article? The purpose of this article is to show that there are health consequences to living in a neighborhood of poverty. The health consequences of neighborhood poverty are a public health problem. Data was obtained to examine links between neighborhood residence and mental health outcomes (Tama, 2003). What is the hypothesis of the study? In other words, what claims do the authors make in the article? The original hypothesis is the absence of programs in low economic areas leads to lower moral leading to depression and other mental illnesses. Researchers also hypothesis is that more advantaged neighborhoods provide better health and social resources—such as quality health services, schools, and housing, as well as youth programs, parks, and sport facilities— than poor neighborhoods (Tama, 2003). What variables (factors) are being looked at regarding appropriate social thinking?

Variables that were observed in this experiment were the treatment of the families and the controlled Section 8 group that participated. Instrumental variable analysis was also intricate part of the experiment. The families were also looked at from a subgroup unit to an individual. If these variables or the relationship between these variables have been studied before, what have other studies found? This shows historical significance. Studies in the past have conducted research on neighborhood characteristic, along with baseline parental and family characteristic (Tama, 2003). These studies have affirmed the harsh reality of those that live in poverty and the struggles that go along with living in such an environment. What type of research design is used in the study? Single blind randomized controlled design was used to research these hypotheses. Using volunteers from lower income area there were divided using a random selection method every other three individuals were broken into three different experimental groups. Do you think the research in this article was conducted in an ethical manner? Why or why not? This article was conducted in the most ethical manner. Not only was each group randomly assigned anonymity of the family members was kept. Each family unit offered their services, so no family was forced into the experiment. The analysis was all measured with equal approach keeping bias to a minimum.

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