Test 1 Essay Questions

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Oct 30, 2023

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1. Explain the basic variants of liberal theory. How might a Hobbesian state of nature explain Liberal cooperation? How might a Lockean state of nature explain Liberal cooperation? How does the Prisoner’s dilemma apply to liberal cooperation? Explain Kant’s theory for how Perpetual Peace can be developed over time (does he believe in a Hobbesian or Lockean view of human nature? What are the specifics of his plan? Explain the roles of republicanism and federation in great detail. Explain the basic variants of liberal theory.  Liberal theory focuses on our own individual freedom, equality, and the protection of our individual rights as fundamental principles for organizing societies. There are several basic variants of liberal theory. Some of the basic variants of liberal theory include:  Ideational liberalism emphasizes the similarity of social preferences across collective goods such as national unity, legitimate political institutions, and socioeconomic regulation. This ideational liberalism also focuses on state behavior, such as conflict and compatibility between collective social values and identities that pertain to the scope and nature of the provisions of public goods.  Commercial liberalism emphasizes the incentives produced by opportunities for transborder economic transactions. Commercial liberalism also focuses on the impact on a state’s behavior of gains and losses to individuals and groups in the society of transnational economic interchange.  Republican liberalism emphasizes the nature of domestic representation and the possibilities for rent-seeking behavior. Republican liberalism generates predictions where conflicting policies establish high costs and risks for most of the people who live in domestic societies.  Classical liberalism emphasizes limited government intervention in the economy and society. They believe in individual liberty, private property rights, free markets, and the pursuit of self-interest. They argue that a free and competitive market leads to economic prosperity and personal freedom.  Social liberalism is also known as modern or welfare liberalism. Social liberalism came about in response to the social challenges of the Industrial Revolution. Social liberals, such as John Stuart Mill and Franklin D. Roosevelt, support a more active role for government to ensure social justice, reduce inequality, and provide a safety net for citizens. They advocate for policies such as public education, healthcare, and progressive taxation to create equal opportunities and protect vulnerable individuals. How might a Hobbesian state of nature explain Liberal cooperation?  Hobbes’ view of the state of nature is a hypothetical condition characterized by a lack of government or authority where people are in a constant state of conflict and competition. It serves as a foundation for liberal cooperation by focusing on the importance of having a social contract, the role of government in providing security and stability to Americans, the rule of law, and the protection of our rights as a way for us to escape the state of nature's perpetual conflict. How might a Lockean state of nature explain Liberal cooperation?

According to Locke, the state of nature helps us understand how a liberal thought regarding politics can help explain cooperation among individuals in society. His view on the state of nature is a hypothetical situation where people exist without authority or a central government, compared to Hobbes belief that it was more of a condition than a situation. In summary, a Lockean state of nature is the foundation of his view on liberal cooperation because it highlights the importance of our natural rights, social contract, limited government, rule of law, and property rights as important components of our society where we can cooperate for our mutual benefit as a way of preserving our freedom and our rights as Americans. How does the Prisoner’s dilemma apply to liberal cooperation?  The Prisoner’s Dilemma is a concept that creates a situation where two people who are both pursuing their own self-interest may not cooperate, even though cooperation would lead to a better outcome for both individuals. The prisoner's dilemma establishes norms, rules, and institutions that aim to reduce the risk of defection and enhance the candidates chances of successful cooperation in areas of mutual interest. Explain Kant’s theory for how Perpetual Peace can be developed over time.  Kant's theory of perpetual peace can be found in his essay “Perpetual Peace: A Philosophical Sketch," where he proposes three main ideas. a. Republican Constitutions: Kant believed that governments should be based on Republican principles that have a system of checks and balances. He believed this would promote the rule of law, protect our rights as American citizens, and reduce the possibility of conflict. b. League of Nations: In his essay, Kant proposed that a League of Nations be established, which would be a modern version of international organizations such as the United Nations. He believed this would solve disputes peacefully while also promoting collective security. c. Cosmopolitan Rights: Kant made the suggestion of cosmopolitan rights, which means that we as individuals that come from different countries have certain universal rights. Does Kant believe in a Hobbesian or Lockean view of human nature?  Kant’s theory of perpetual peace is based on a non-Hobbesian view of human nature. He believed that we are not inherently evil or driven solely by self-interest, as Hobbes believed. He leaned more towards a Lockean view of human nature and said that we have the capacity for reason and moral judgment. He believed that perpetual peace could be achieved by having a republican government, a league of nations, and recognizing that we have the right to cosmopolitan rights. Explain the roles of republicanism and federation in great detail.

 Republicanism is a set of political principles that advocate for a system of government where our country is considered to be a public matter and the head of state is an elected official rather than a hereditary monarch. o Role  Eradication of Monarchy: Republicanism plays an important role in the eradication of monarchies in many countries. Republicanism stands in opposition to the idea of having a hereditary monarchy, and it advocates for the selection of governmental leaders based on merit or democratic processes.  Promotion of Civic Virtue: Republicanism emphasizes the importance of having civic virtue, where we are encouraged to participate in the political process, promote the common good, and be engaged in the affairs of the state.  Checks and Balances: There is a system of checks and balances in republics in order to prevent the concentration of power. This helps make sure that nobody becomes too influential or authoritarian.  Democratic Governance: Republicanism is linked to democratic principles, where republics involve regular elections and techniques to let citizens have a say in their government, which fosters a sense of political accountability.  A federation is a political structure that gives a central government the opportunity to share power with constituent political units, such as states or provinces. This allows each level of government to have its own set of powers and regulations. o Role:  Distribution of Power: The Federation was designed to distribute power between a central authority and substantial entities. This is crucial in large and diverse countries because it allows for regional autonomy within a unified framework.  Preservation of Diversity: Federations accommodate various cultural, linguistic, and regional differences. This offers a way to protect minority rights and regional identities by granting a degree of self- governance.  Stability and Unity: Federations provide stability by letting regions have a say in their affairs while remaining part of a larger political entity.  Flexibility: Federal systems can adapt to changing circumstances easier than governments that are highly centralized. This often allows for experimentation with policies at higher levels.  Examples of federations include the United States, Canada, Australia, Germany, and India.  In conclusion, republicanism focuses on the importance of having elected leadership and citizen engagement, whereas federation focuses on how power is distributed in ways that accommodate diversity while also promoting unity.

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