Lab Report N2L - Phys 221
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Apr 3, 2024
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Lab Report - Phys 221
Newton’s 2nd Law
Abstract:
In this lab, we sought to prove Newton’s second law through practical applications. We
used a cart with a string attached to a force sensor. The string is pulled over a pulley and will
have masses of various weights attached to it to pull the cart forward toward the pulley. We also
have a motion sensor set up to track the speed at which the car is pulled towards the pulley. We
will use these results to determine the acceleration of the cart. Using the force detected by the
force sensor, the mass of the cart, and the acceleration of said cart, we will be able to validate
Newton’s second law: Force = mass x acceleration. The results we got in this experiment confirm
this law to be true with room for acceptable equipment and human error.
Results Presentation:
Hanging
Mass
Cart Mass
Calculated
Tension
Measured
Tension
% Differ
Calculated
Acceleration
Measured
Acceleration
%
Differ
Friction
Weight
50g
590g
.45N
.47N
4.26
.67m/s^2
.66m/s^2
1.5
.05N
100g
590g
.85N
.92N
7.61
1.32m/s^2
1.36m/s^2
2.9
.05N
50g
1180g
.48N
.49N
2.04
.31m/s^2
.34m/s^2
8.2
.12N
100g
1180g
.91N
.95N
4.21
.69m/s^2
.64m/s^2
7.2
.12N
Sample Calculations:
The formula used for calculating tension:
The formula used for calculating acceleration:
The formula used for % difference:
Discussion of Results:
Our goal in this experiment was to prove Newton’s second law applies to real-world
scenarios. We measured differing masses, forces, and accelerations and then used F=ma to see if
they agreed with the calculations. The results of our calculations and the results of our practical
observations largely agreed.
We started by calculating friction so that we could factor it into our calculations
throughout the experiment. We did this by tying a 7-gram mass to the end of the string draped
over the pulley and giving a gentle push to the cart. The cart then moved at a near-constant
velocity until it had reached the pulley. This means that we had measured the force of friction
(Taking into account the obvious human error involved in what is considered “constant
velocity”). We used this number to calculate friction force for both the dry weight of the cart and
the doubled weight of the cart.
We changed around variables in two main ways. Our first trial consisted of a 50-gram
mass pulling on a cart of 590 grams with no additional mass added to it. On the next trial, we
took the 50-gram mass and swapped it out for a 100-gram mass to see if the law would still hold.
The results we got were in agreement with Newton's second law. The second way we changed a
variable is by increasing the cart's mass by double. The thought behind this is that the now 1180g
cart would have a different, slower acceleration. We did this twice, once with a 50g mass
hanging and again with a 100g mass hanging. While the accelerations did indeed change, our
results are still very closely checked out with Newton’s second law.
The only recommendations to make the experiment better for this lab would be to
increase the number of trials run and continue to change up different masses for the hanging
mass and the cart mass. This might not be practical as there is a limited amount of time allotted
for the lab. Still, if I were trying to prove this relationship between the acceleration of an object
and the forces applied to it, I would run many more trials while playing with many more than
simply two hanging masses and two cart masses.
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7() = (3+ 41')i + (6e +8r')+3k
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