Phys 273 cheat sheet 3

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273

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Physics

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Dec 6, 2023

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Phys 273 cheat sheet: QUIZ 1: 1. For a device with 2500-Watt power, we expect that the total consumed energy within 10 minutes is equal to 25000 joules. Ans: FALSE 2. A calorie is Ans: the amount of energy required to raise the temperature of one gram of water by one degree Celsius 3. If you push a box along the floor with a force of 5 newtons over 2 meters, how much work have you done on the box? Ans: 10 Joules 4. The above image taken from the lesson videos illustrates the concept of entropy using a puzzle. In the lesson, you are asked to think of entropy statistically for any CLOSED system. The system shown in the images has THREE particles and you must figure out how many combinations there are of putting THREE balls into THREE boxes. We see that the total number of possibilities is TEN. The most likely possibility has 2 BALLS IN ONE BOX. The least likely possibility is to have 1 BALL IN EACH BOX. The second most likely possibility is to have 3 BALLS IN ONE BOX. 5. Which of the following can be considered direct or indirect solar energy? Ans: wind energy, energy extracted from ocean currents, biomass energy 6. For each drop-down box, select the appropriate word from the drop down that best completes the sentence. Ans: There exists a unit which is defined by the amount of heat energy needed to raise the temperature of one pound of water by one degree Fahrenheit. In the scientific community this is not very commonly used but it is sometimes used in household appliances like heaters, boilers, barbecues etc. This is otherwise known as the BRITISH THERMAL UNIT. unit which is known by nearly everyone but not often in a scientific context. Most commonly it is found in food labels. It is known as a CALORIE which is the energy required to raise the temperature of 1 gram of water by one degree Celsius. In the physics community, the main unit used for a force is known as the NEWTON. The main unit used for distance (In SI units) is the METER. Work can be defined as the product between these two variables. When you multiply these two together you get a JOULE, which is a unit of energy

7. For each drop-down box, select the appropriate word from the drop down that best completes the sentence. FARADAY’S LAW explains how changing a magnetic field through a coil of water will produce a current in that wire. This concept is applied in the design of the electrical generator. The generator uses electrical induction to transform MECHANICAL ENERGY into electrical energy. The current is generated by turning the WIRE LOOP so that the magnetic field passing through it changes. In the alternating current generator shown, the alternating current enters the external circuit though the CARBON BRUSHES, which rub against the metal slip rings. 8. The amount of energy released per 100 grams of fuel burned in a reaction is called Ans: the heat of combustion 9. In Canada, with current policies, total energy consumption is expected to: Ans: increase steadily by 2050 10. Like the trend we see for the total energy consumption in different regions, fossil energy consumption has also been increasing over the years: Ans: FALSE 11. If the temperature of an object increases, the thermal energy: Ans: always increase 12. For each drop-down box, select the appropriate word from the drop down that best completes the sentence.

The image above shows a battery attached to a light bulb placed inside a box that is completely opaque and insulated. Initially, there is CHEMICAL energy inside the battery. This energy is then converted into ELECTRICAL energy in the form of a voltage difference across the battery terminals. There is then a current through the wire which gives THERMAL energy, which heats the air. There is also ELECTROMAGNETIC energy coming out of the bulb in the form of light. Overall there is A DECREASE in chemical energy, AN INCREASE in thermal energy and AN INCREASE in electromagnetic energy. 13. For each drop-down box, select the appropriate word from the drop down that best completes the sentence. Ans: This question pertains to the energy content of fuel. When we burn hydrocarbons, HEAT ENERGY is released through two chemical reactions. Carbon and oxygen react with each other and form CARBON DIOXIDE. In the second chemical reaction, hydrogen and oxygen combine to form WATER. Both reactions also release HEAT ENERGY. With the use of a heat engine, this energy from fossil fuels can be converted into MECHANICAL ENERGY, which can then be turned into electrical energy with a generator. 14. Since 1950 overall global fossil fuel use: Ans: Increased rapidly 15. The dominant portion of the renewable energy that is being consumed in Canada regards wind power: Ans: FALSE QUIZ 2: 1. For each drop-down box, select the appropriate word from the drop down that best completes the sentence. Ans: Nuclear waste is radioactive for THOUSANDS of years. Protocol dictates that this waste should be permanently stored in UNDERGROUND storage facilities, which are secure for 1 MILLION years. At present, ZERO countries are capable of producing storage facilities with that level of security. So currently ALL nuclear waste is kept in temporary storage. 2. To get the same amount of energy from uranium and coal, much less uranium needs to be mined because: Ans: The energy density of uranium is much higher 3. Geothermal energy comes from both continual heat loss from the Earth’s formation and

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Ans: Radioactive decays 4. For each drop-down box, select the appropriate word from the drop down that best completes the sentence. Ans: ELECTRICITY is produced in the hydroelectric plant by the action of water against a turbine connected to a generator. Energy is in the form of mechanical energy as it turns the turbine. In the image shown, the shorter black arrow on top points to the GENERATOR. The water is shown flowing down from the reservoir. The longer black arrow points to the TURBINE, which is turned by the flowing water, providing energy to generate electricity. There are two main ways to take water and use it to generate electricity in a hydroelectric power plant. The first way is called RUN OF RIVER, which is when some of the water from a river is diverted to a penstock and flows to a power plant. The second way is called A DAM, which is used to flood water upstream to create a reservoir - this water can then be used to flow to the penstock and turn to the turbine. 5. Which of the following is not emitted after a fission reaction: Ans: Uranium 6. The upfront costs of geothermal plants are high Ans: TRUE 7. Feedstock refers to the biomass which is being used to generate energy: 8. The process using heat and pressure for a partial combustion into a combustible cloud of various gases called syngas. This is then used instead of natural gas : gasification a. The process where feedstock is broken down by bacteria in a vacuum to create bio-gas, which can be burned to produce energy : biodigestion b. The process of converting glucose into ethanol through the use of yeast: fermentation c. The process of heating feedstock in a chamber without oxygen. The feedstock decomposes into bio-oil, bio-char and syngas: pyrolosis d. The process in which feedstock is burned to release energy in the form of heat: combustion

9. Spent nuclear fuel has been used up and therefore is no longer radioactive: Ans: FALSE 10. Which of the following is not a major concern with the use of hydrogen for energy? Ans: Hydrogen in not renewable 11. For each drop-down box, select the appropriate word from the drop down that best completes the sentence. Ans: Tides are a product of numerous effects. These main effects include Th gravitational force exerted by the moon and by the sun and the ROTATION of the earth. Tidal power refers to the generation of electricity using the KINETIC of the movement of the tides. These tidal plants can only be installed ALONG COASTLINES. Tidal electricity can be generated using different technologies. The most efficient type of tidal technologies is the TIDAL BARRAGE. This technology uses the POTENTIAL energy difference between the heights of the tides to turn a turbine. 12. Which of the following is not true regarding run of river hydroelectricity production vs, dam hydroelectricity production? Ans: Run of river is usually higher power production 13. What country has the highest percentage of the world’s known uranium resources? Ans: Australia 14. For each drop-down box, select the appropriate word from the drop down that best completes the sentence. Ans: In 1938 and 1939 it was discovered that when the nuclei of uranium atoms are bombarded with neutrons, the nuclei undergo FISSION, which means they split into two fragments, emitting more neutrons in the process. An example of this is when a neutron hits a Uranium-235 atom. This makes the HIGHLY UNSTABLE nucleus Uranium-236. Uranium- 236 is in a HIGHLY EXCITED that fissions into two lighter nuclei, emitting NEUTRONS AND GAMMA RAYS in the process. At the end of the process, about 85% of the energy released is KINETIC ENERGY of the fission fragments. 15. Which country is projected to have the largest increase is nuclear energy production by 2040? Ans: China 16. The term SMR refers to: Ans: SMALL MODULAR REACTORS MIDTERM QUESTIONS:

1. The sun’s energy is thought of as a renewable energy source because: Ans: Because the suns lifetime is very very long 2. What percentage of crude oil production is offshore? Ans: 30% 3. For each drop-down box, select the appropriate word from the drop down that best completes the sentence. Ans: The sun is really big, with a volume that can fit 1000 Jupiters. It ’ s a hyperdense ball of plasma and gasses (mostly HYDROGEN). Under the immense PRESSURE and temperature of the core, the atoms will smash into each other and combine. This process is called nuclear FUSION 4. In Canada which sector uses the most natural gas? Ans: Energy industry 5. For each drop-down box, select the appropriate word from the drop down that best completes the sentence. Regarding different fossil fuels, we have THREE main fossil fuels with different ingredients. In this wat, natural gas is mostly seen to be stuck in the reservoirs of OIL and is primarily made of METHANE. Considering coal deposits around the world as shown in the shown map, we understand that the most prevalence of coal exists in NORTH HEMISPHERE. When coal deposits are shallow, there are THREE different ways for their extraction. In this way, OPEN PIT MINING regards the direct digging of a giant hole and then extracting coal. 6. 1 eV is the energy required to move a proton over a -1V gap: Ans: TRUE 7. The law of conservation of energy can be stated as which of the following? Ans: P=0 8. For each drop-down box, select the appropriate word from the drop down that best completes the sentence.

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Ans: The absorbed sunlight in the atmosphere has a peak of intensity for VISIBLE part of the spectrum. We also reveal that the intensity of sunlight before hitting the atmosphere. It is also seen thar about 24 PERCENT of the sunlight intensity in the upper atmosphere reache s the earth’s surface on a clear day, in contrast to 17 PERCENT for a cloudy day. The reaching sunlight on the surface of the earth has DIFFERENT insulations meaning that, for instance, Australia receives MORE light intensity than Canada. 9. When petroleum products are refined they get separated according to: Ans: THEIR BOILING POINTS 10. In the context of physics, “ conservation of energy ” means doing things like : using dimmer switches, turning off lights in rooms you are not using, switching to more efficient electronics, etc. Ans: False 11. If the total energy of a system increases this does not necessarily mean that energy was added to the system. Ans: False 12. For each drop-down box, select the appropriate word from the drop down that best completes the sentence Ans: When it comes to coal mining, there is SURFACE coal mining which is used for shallow coal deposits. This is where coal is mainly covered by SOIL AND ROCK known as overburden) to get to the coal lining underneath. In specific, there are 3 common ways of doing surface mining. The first involves digging in lines which is called STRIP MINING, where the overburden from one line is moved onto the previous line mined. The second is called OPEN PIT MINING where a hole is dug into the ground for extraction. The third one is called Mountain top removal mining, where a mountaintop is removed to extract the coal and overburden is placed IN A NEARBY VALLEY. 13. Select multiple and correct answers out of 8 total possible responses. Selecting a wrong response produces a negative grade, i.e. the total grade is reduced for each wrong answer. Energy resources come in the variety of forms. The various resources that can never be consumed to completion are: Ans: direct sunlight, wind, hydroelectric, ocean currents, ocean thermal, biomass, geothermal, tidal 14. The levelized cost of electricity (LCOE) is: Ans: recently comparable for alternative energy sources and traditional energy sources 15. According, to the course lessons, on a clear day about how much of the light hitting the earth makes it to the surface? Ans: 24% 16. The following are examples of energy being released. For each example given, select the correct type of energy (the same answer can be used more than once). • Dropping a ball from a height off the ground : mechanical energy • Burning wood: chemical energy • Visible light coming from a lamp: electromagnetic radiation

• During storms, clouds and the ground have opposite charges and store this type of energy: electric energy • heating up of water over a stove: thermal energy • charged electric batteries: chemical energy 17. If you double the speed of an object how does its kinetic energy change? Ans: It quadruples 18. Sine around 2000, coal consumption has: Ans: decreased in Europe but increased overall 19. For each drop-down box, select the appropriate word from the drop down that best completes the sentence Ans: Even before we talk about the negative effects of burning coal, we can still witness serious environmental impacts. One negative effect which affects wildlife and even potable water in lakes and streams is ACID MAIN DRAINAGE which is pollution caused when sulfuric acid, lead, arsenic and cadmium are washed from coal and metal mines and leaked into BODIES OF WATER. When it comes to surface mining, there is often the destruction of SURFACE VEGETATION AND WILDLIFE HABITAT by clearing by areas of soil and rock. One of the kinds of surface mining is known as mountain top mining. If they know there is a layer of coal underneath the overburden, they will remove it and dump it into A NEARBY VALLEY. Unfortunately, this is often where streams are located and can be completely covered up and the local ecosystems are DESTROYED. 20. For each drop-down box, select the appropriate word from the drop down that best completes the sentence Ans: Ans: Regarding the mountain top coal extraction, we see that this method is one of MOST DESTRUCTIVE approaches for surface mining. It can lead BURIED streams as the result of the dump displacement from the top of the mountain to the adjacent valley. This method is more common in APPALACHIAN MOUNTAINS in the US. Regarding petroleum as another fossil fuel, it generates LESS pollutants and CO2 when it is burnt in comparison to coal. It is possible to refine the crude oil to get different products such as gasoline based on DIFFERENT BOILING POINTS. Then the ones with the LOWEST boiling points would move HIGHER in the fractionation tower.

21. Surface mining techniques are sued when coal deposits are: Ans: harder to access 22. Please match the relevant items: • Chemical energy: the energy that our body absorbs from carbohydrates intake • Type of energy that is relevant to the average kinetic energy of the molecules: thermal energy • Type of energy of a moving mass entails: kinetic energy • E=mc^2 regards this type of energy: nuclear energy • The potential energy that is relevant to either moving or stationary electric charges: electric energy • Frequency of the light translates into this type of energy: electromagnetic radiation 23. Let us use the analogy of money and energy and compare both like it has been done in the videos. Please match up the corresponding words in the realm of money to physics concepts. Depositing money into a bank account= TRANSFER OF TYPE OF ENERGY Getting paid=having work done Money=energy Pay wage=power 24. Light intensity means the amount of energy per time per area that is being transferred. It implies that higher light intensity comes with more solar energy per area. By this definition, we expect that moving away from the sun the light intensity decreases. Another important factor of sunlight is its composition regarding different wavelengths. This is seen that the absorbed sunlight in the atmosphere of earth comprises different powers for different wavelengths. In this way, we see that infrared part of the absorbed sunlight has less power in comparison to the ultraviolet part.

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25. Per BTU of energy, how much does the cost of natural compare to the cost of gasoline? Ans: Gasoline is about 2 times more expensive than natural gas 26. The energy due to an objects motion is called: Ans: Kinetic energy 27. In a system which is NOT isolated the total amount of energy in tht system msut stay constant: Ans: False, because the system can exchange with the external environment 28. A clothes dryer consumes 2500 watts of energy. In 2 seconds how much energy does the dryer use? Ans: 5000 joules 29. According to the course lessons what percentage of the oil produced in Canada is exported? Ans: 50% 30. Only a small percentage of the electricity we use is produced by converting mechanical energy into electrical energy 31. Which is NOT true about renewable resources that come from the sun’s energy? a. They are limited only by the lifetime of the sun. b. The lifetime of the source does not depend on the rate of use. c. We are using them up faster than they are being produced . 32. The energy due to the motion of atoms in a material is a. chemical energy. b. thermal energy . c. nuclear energy. d. electrical energy. e. electromagnetic energy. 33. Nuclear energy of a nucleus is greater than the total energy of the comprising nucleons. FALSE 34. The sun transforms Nuclear energy into Electromagnetic energy. This is absorbed by plants which is turned into Chemical energy, which we absorb and we process further in our stomachs to get more of this same kind of energy. We can then perform actions such as pushing objects and doing work on a box, providing it with Blank 4 Kinetic energy.

35. The image shows a person applying a cold pack to an injured ankle. In this example , the heat will flow from the ankle to the Blank 2 cool pack . This flow is Blank 3 spontaneous and can appear in one direction(s). This occurs because according to the second law of thermodynamics, heat will always flow from the hotter substance to the colder system. 36. Of the following different forms of energy generated from water: [energy generated from the tides] has its origin in the force of gravity on water (as does hydropower), [energy generated from ocean currents] has its origin in the heat of the sun warming the water [oceanic thermal energy] has its origin in nuclear reactions occurring inside the planer 37. The US is the single largest consumer of energy per capita. FALSE 38. Einstein’s shortest and most famous equation is E=mc2. To Einstein’s great dismay, this equation would be the inspiration and underlying principle behind the development of the atomic bomb. This equation implies a very astounding fact known as [ mass‑energy equivalence ]. This tells us that the amount of [ energy ] is equivalent to the amount of [ mass ] multiplied by the speed of light squared. In a [ Nuclear Reaction ], where the “cores” of an atom are broken apart, the two halves of these cores would have [ less ] mass than the initial atomic core. This type of energy is known by two names: [ nuclear energy ] and Mass Energy. 39. The idea of electricity generation from heat engines is based on using the generated mechanical energy to make a static magnetic field and then acquiring electricity. FALSE 40. A chair is sliding across a rough horizontal floor. The chair starts with 100J of kinetic energy and slows down and comes to a stop. What happened to the kinetic energy of the chair? 41. a. Kinetic energy ever only lasts for short amounts of time. b. The kinetic energy was transformed into heat due to the friction with the floor. c.The kinetic energy was transformed into gravitational potential energy.

d.The chair’s kinetic energy did not change. 42. 1 BTU is the amount of energy needed to increase the temperature of 1 lb of water by 1 centigrade. FALSE 43. Biomass energy refers to energy produced by [organic matter]. Feedstock is the word they use to refer to whatever type of said material is used to produce energy. In general, feedstock is made up of water, [carbon] and [organic volatiles]. There are many processes used for energy conversion of feedstock. 1. [combustion], the process in which feedstock is burned to release energy in the form of heat. This can be used to heat water for steam generation to turn a turbine in a generator. 2. [Gasification], the process of using heat and pressure for a partial combustion into a combustible cloud of various gases called [syngas]. This is then used instead of natural gas. 3. [Biodigestion], the process where feedstock is broken down by bacteria in a vacuum to create bio-gas, which can be burned to produce energy. 44. Per TWh of energy produced, which method of energy production has the lowest fatality rate? a. Coal b.Oil c.Gas d .Nuclear 45. Geothermal energy uses the internal heat of the earth which was generated by radioactive decay of the minerals underground. To extract this energy, wells are dug of length 3-10 kilometers. Compared to the radius of the earth which is nearly 7000 kilometers, this is shallow and does not get to the mantle. The method in which the heat is extracted is usually using water and steam. The steam rises and its kinetic energy turns the turbine which is attached to a generator. Across the globe, the main developments of geothermal energy are found in areas with a lot of volcanic activity and tectonic activity. Geothermal energy extraction is rigid in its methodolgy and does not have a lot of power output. It is however consistent. Unfortunately not everything that comes out is good. CO2 and hydrogen-sulfide emissions are a negative side effect. 46. According to current projections the total amount of electricity produced through nuclear power in Canada by 2040 will Decrease. 47. Which of the following is not major negative impact of the operation of hydroelectric dams? Co2 emmissions 48. About what percent of Canada's hydropower generation is large scale hydro? 95% 49. What is the energy flow to produce electricity from the water above a dam? Gravitational potential — > Kinetic — > Electrical

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QUIZ 3: 1. For each drop-down box, select the appropriate word from the drop down that best completes the sentence Earth’s temperature: The earth’s average global temperature has been incre asing over the past 2 centuries The sea ice level (measured in million square kilometres) : the sea ice level has dropped by 30% in the last 40 years The mean global sea level : the mean global sea level has increased by 200 mm (0.2m) and the rate of seas level rise has been 2. If a 100W light bulb produces 3W of visible light, 60W of heat, and 37W of invisible radiation, what is its efficiency? ANS: 3% 3. When heat is transferred by light being emitted or absorbed, the process is called ANS: Radiation 4. Almost all air pollutant emissions are currently the highest they have been in the last 15 years. ANS: FALSE 5. When heat is transferred through the macroscopic movement of fluids, the process is called ANS: Convection 6. Let us discuss climate change. Please match the correct trends in the data to their appropriate measurement ANS: 7. When heat is transferred between two objects in contact with each other, the process is called ANS: Conduction 8. For each drop-down box, select the appropriate word from the drop down that best completes the sentence. If humanity continues down its current life path, life on earth will be changed dramatically in a negative and irreversible way. These effects are not only limited to humanity, but to many different types of ecosystems. This climate change is mainly caused by the continuous emission of greenhouse gases. One good way of improving our energy production habits is by investing in renewable energy sources

9. For each drop-down box, select the appropriate word from the drop down that best completes the sentence. Ans: Coal contributes to water pollution. Water passing through mined areas can pick up contaminants ranging from loose soil to highly acidic mine tailings. Coal ash, the solid material left over after coal is burned, can also cause damage to the ecosystem. It typically contains toxic materials, including heavy metals and radioactive material. Fracking is another human activity that can leader to water pollution. The injection of hydraulic fluids into well with inadequate mechanical integrity leads to gases/liquids moving to groundwater resources. Additionally, the disposal or storage of hydraulic fracturing wastewater in unlined pits results in contamination of groundwater resources. 10. Which sector produces the most air pollution? ANS: Transportation 11. Global mean sea levels have been steadily rising since 1900. This can be accounted for by ANS: Glacial mass loss and oceanic thermal expansion 12. All electric heating systems do not depend on fossil fuels for energy production. ANS: False 13. A good home insulation will not be good at transferring heat. ANS: True 14. The process of keeping heat in using a layer (or multiple layers) of material is known as insulation. When you are making a decision about what kind of material you should use to keep the most heat from escaping, you should look at its R-Value. The higher this, the better the insulator. For materials which are bad at conducting heat, this is often because there is trapped air inside them. 15. The global average temperature has steadily been increasing since 1850. Which of the following are direct evidence of this fact (you can select more than one): ANS: Tree rings, ice cores 16. If humanity continues down its current path, life on earth will be changed dramatically in a [negative and irreversible] way. These effects are not only limited to humanity, but to many different types of ecosystems. This

[climate] change is mainly caused by the continuous [emission of greenhouse gases]. One good way of improving our energy production habits is by [investing in renewable energy sources]. 17. Energy efficient light bulbs are about 50% more efficient than standard light bulbs. Ans; true and false 18. From our data there appears to be a [linear] relationship between CO2 emissions and projected [global temperature change] to the year 2100. With climate change, scientists expect there to be a vast change in precipitation across the globe. There will be an increase in the [high latitudes and equatorial Pacific]. There will be a decrease in [subtropical regions]. Overall we can expect to have a larger degree of polarization of precipitation. We also expect to see an increase in the frequency and threat of natural disasters as a result of climate phenomena. 19. Approximately what percentage of the excess thermoal energy caused by global warming is absorbed by the oceans? Ans; approx. 90% 20. Combustion is the bonding of carbon (C) with oxygen (O) generating heat. In complete combustion, for every carbon atom, there is [2] oxygen atom(s), creating [carbon dioxide]. In incomplete combustion, for every carbon atom, there is [1] oxygen atom(s), creating [carbon monoxide] Carbon monoxide is a [colorless], and odorless gas which bonds to oxygen carriers in the blood (instead of oxygen) to make [carboxyhemoglobin]. This keeps you from getting oxygen to your cells, eventually leading to death. 21. A tankless hot water heater is more efficient than a hot water tank because Ans: it does not have a large amount of hot water gradually losing energy 22. The energy sector is the leading cause of sulphur oxides. Ans: False 23. VOCs refers to: Volatile organic compounds 24. All electric heating systems do not depend on fossil fuels for energy production. Ans; false 25. The atmosphere is made up of many different gases, with the most common gas being [nitrogen] and the second most common gas being [oxygen] at around 80 and 20 percent respectively. The distribution of gases in our atmosphere has been changing greatly in the past couple centuries. The majority of serious air pollutants is a result of the [combustion of fossil fuels]. The energy sector which has the biggest portion of air pollution is the [transportation sector]. 26. The last 3-4 decades have been Ans; the warmest in the last 800 years

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27. The layer of the atmosphere closest to the Earth's surface is called the Ans; troposphere 28. The process of keeping heat in using a layer (or multiple layers) of material is known as [insulation]. When you are making a decision about what kind of material you should use to keep the most heat from escaping, you should look at its [R-value]. The higher this, the [better] the insulator. For materials which are bad at conducting heat, this is often because there is [trapped air] inside them. 29. A heat pump uses electricity Ans; to run a small compressor 30. Which of the following is a renewable resource? Ans; hydro-power 31. In bodies of water, organic matter from living organisms accumulates at the bottom of the body of water. The organic matter that settles down there is mostly comprised of Nitrogen, Oxygen, Carbon and Hydrogen. Sometimes there are disturbances in the earth’s mantle due to [shifting plate tectonics] causes some of this matter to get pushed further down into the earth. When this happens, there is an [increase in temperature and an increase in pressure]. This change causes chemical reactions to take place which mostly eliminate two of these four substances, leaving mostly [carbon and hydrogen] as the remaining elements. These come out in a gaseous or liquid phase, and the [low] density compared to the surrounding materials causes them to rise up. If they get stuck in a reservoir rock, the combinations of those two remaining elements will form an oil or gas field. 32. Seismic methods are used to Ans; map the location of underground fuel deposits 33. When we describe the process using solar energy directly, the energy which we are exploiting at our point of first contact with it is of the form of [electromagnetic] energy. Let us talk specifically about a flat-plate Collector, which is an object we use to absorb the sun’s energy. The optimal colour to use for the main layer used to absorb the heat is painted [black]. This layer absorb the most solar energy and convert it into the form of [thermal] energy.. There is [fluid in tubes] which run through the absorber sheet which gets heated up. The method of keeping the heat in is by covering the top piece with two glass pieces for [insulation]. 34. In a structural trap oil is trapped between Ans; a lower layer of porous rock and an upper layer of non-porous rock. 35. In the U.S. about 50% of the total energy used is used in the transportation sector. FALSE 36. Subsurface mining techniques are used when coal deposits are Ans; harder to access 37. Fossil fuels are made of [organic] matter which has been buried under the earth and subjected to [temperature] and pressure. The type of fossil fuel depends on which type of matter and the conditions it is exposed to. • [Coal] is made from large plants like bushes and trees. • [Oil] is made from microorganisms like plankton.

• [Natural gas] is also made from microorgansims but is exposed to [higher] pressures. 38. According to the course lessons, on a clear day about how much of the light hitting the Earth makes it to the surface? Ans ; 24% 39. Light intensity means the amount of energy per [time] per [area] that is being transferred. It implies that higher light intensity comes with [more] solar energy per area. By this definition, we expect that moving away from the Sun the light intensity [decreases]. Another important factor of Sunlight is its composition regarding different wavelengths. This is seen that the absorbed sunlight in the atmosphere of Earth comprises [different] powers for different wavelengths. In this way, we see that the infrared part of the absorbed sunlight has [less] power in comparison to the ultraviolet part. 40. In Canada, about 50% of the energy from coal is exported to other countries, and the rest is mostly used for [electricity production]. However, there are certain safety and environmental issues associated with coal mining. The chart depicting the number of mining-related fatalities in the US over time indicates that [mining practises are becoming safer]. One of the environmental consequences is acid mine drainage, which is when pollution from sulfuric acid and dissolved materials (lead, arsenic) wash from coal mines into [lakes and streams]. Mountain-top mining is a destructive form of mining that changes the [geography] of a region. 41. In the video "Olympic Cyclist vs Toaster", an Olympic cyclist is used to illustrate the production of power. When the bike is powered, the produced power is coming from a specific type of energy. What is this type of energy? Ans; chemical energy 42. A ball is at rest with kinetic energy 0. The ball is subsequently thrown and now has a kinetic energy K > 0. The ball has gained energy. This violates the law of conservation of energy. Ans; false 43. The above image taken from the lesson videos, shows a [drilling rig] which works like an enormous electric hand drill. When compared to an electric drill, the body of the drill would correspond to the [derrick]. The electric drill drive would correspond to the [drill strings] and the electric drill bit would correspond to the [drilling tool]. At the bottommost tip of the drilling is an assembly of three cones from which comes the name [tricone]. This assembly is made of [very hard steel] which crushes the rock. Sometimes, when the rock being drilled is very resistant, a single block tool encrusted with [diamonds] is used. This wears down the rock by abrasion through the drill pipes at the extremity of which the drill bit rotates. 44. We find that most of the crude oil is found in [structural traps] around the world, as seen in the picture. The idea behind this trap is that oil cannot go through [roof rock] as it is non-porous while [reservoir rock] is porous. As long as a crude oil reservoir is discovered, its extraction starts which can be either onshore or offshore. We see that [most] of the extractions are being done onshore around the world. It is because offshore extraction is the way [more expensive]. We cannot surely claim how long the oil lasts at least due to the improved level of technology for both [detection and extraction]. 45. Since around 2000, coal consumption has Ans; decreased in europe but increased overall 46. Photovoltaic cells convert the Sun's energy into electricity by using [semiconductors]. The cells can be made of different types of material but the most mainstream is [crystalline silicon]. One of the advantages of these cells is that they transition electricity generation from [big centralized] facilities to [small decentralized] production sites. 47. Per capita energy use is growing most rapidly in

Ans; Singapore 48. Since 1950 overall global fossil fuel use a. has increased and then plateaued in the 1970s b. decreased steadily c. increased rapidly d. stayed constant 49. The above image taken from the lesson videos illustrates the concept of entropy using a puzzle. In the lesson, you are asked to think of entropy statistically for any [closed] system. The system shown in the image has [three] particles and you must figure out how many combinations there are of putting [three] balls into [three] boxes. We see that the total number of possibilities is [ten]. The most likely possibility has [2 balls in one box]. The least likely possibility is to have [1 ball in each box]. The second most likely possibility is to have [3 balls in one box]. 50. instein’s shortest and most famous equation is E=mc 2 . To Einstein’s great dismay, this equation would be the inspiration and underlying principle behind the development of the atomic bomb. This equation implies a very astounding fact known as Blank 1 mass-energy equivalence . This tells us that the amount of Blank 2 energy is equivalent to the amount of Blank 3 mass multiplied by the speed of light squared. In a Blank 4 Nuclear Reaction , where the “cores” of an atom are broken apart, the two halves of these cores would have Blank 5 less mass than the initial atomic core. This type of energy is known by two names: Blank 6 nuclear energy and Mass Energy.

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51. In a heat engine, it is not possible to turn all of the input energy into mechanical energy due to the [second] law of thermodynamics. The best efficiency possible for a heat engine is dependent on the temperature of [both the source and the sink]. If the sink is colder, the efficiency of the engine will be [greater]. To measure efficiency, the Kelvin scale is used. At zero Kelvin, the [molecular motion] stops. 52. Which of the following are correct implications of Faraday's law of induction? (you can select more than one) The correct answers are: A changing magnetic field induces a current, A current induces a changing magnetic field 53. This graph shows the fossil fuel consumption of countries as a percentage of total energy consumption. Canada has a lower percentage of fossil fuel use (at 66%) compared to the United States and much of Europe. This is because Canada uses a lot of [hydroelectricity]. In highly developed countries, the percent of fossil fuel consumption is [decreasing]. Trends show that overall, the consumption of fossil fuels is [increasing]. Almost all countries are at least [50%] dependent on fossil fuels. The amount of fossil fuel varies by region and [type of fuel]. 54. A battery contains 1000 joules of energy. The maximum amount of work it can do is 1000 joules. This is an example of: both the First Law of Thermodynamics and the Law of Conservation of Energy. 55. Home appliances that produce heat tend to be low power. True False 55. When we burn hydrocarbons, [heat energy] is released through two chemical reactions. Carbon and oxygen react with each other and form [carbon dioxide]. In the second chemical reaction, hydrogen and oxygen combine to form [water]. Both of these reactions also release [heat energy].

With the use of a heat engine, this energy from fossil fuels can be converted into [mechanical energy], which can then be turned into electrical energy with a generator. 57. The idea of electricity generation from heat engines is based on using the generated mechanical energy to make a static magnetic field and then acquiring electricity. ANS: False 58. For a device with 2500 Watt power, we expect that the total consumed energy within 10 minutes is equal to 25000 joules. ANS: FALSE 59. If the temperatures of both the heat and sink sources get doubled, the resulting best efficiency of the heat engine would not change. ANS: True 60. For heat engines, the larger the temperature difference between the heat source and the heat sink, the higher the best possible efficiency. ANS: True 61. If you push a box along the floor with a force of 5 Newtons over 2 meters, how much work have you done on the box? ANS: 10 joules 62. Which of the following could NOT be a unit of power? a.joules per second b.watts c. calories per hour d. joules 63. Solar [thermal] energy causes strong atmospheric currents (along with the rotation of the [planet], and local [topography]). The wind then has [mechanical] energy in movement. The wind spins the [rotor] blades on the [turbine], causing the generator to create electricity. There is [zero] greenhouse gas emissions in this process. Many things can limit the [efficiency] of the generation, but the theoretical limit is 59%. There are very [few] drawbacks to wind power. It has [intermittency] problems (dependent on location, weather, and climate).

64. The upfront costs of geothermal plants are high. ANS: TRUE 65. Which of the following is not major negative impact of the operation of hydroelectric dams? a. Loss of soil nutrients b. Risk of downstream flooding c. Loss of free flowing rivers d. Co2 emissions 66. By using parabolic surfaces, we can focus the sun’s electromagnetic energy onto a pipe filled with oil. This is used to boil water, and the resulting steam turns a turbine to transfer the energy into electrical energy. Ans: solar thermal electricity production By bringing together two hydrogen nuclei, we can form a helium nucleus and some excess energy. Ans: nuclear fusion By building a large wall (often with controllable gates), we can make a large water reservoir and use the gravitational potential energy to turn a turbine, generating electrical energy. Ans: Dam By absorbing the electromagnetic energy of the sun directly, we can turn it directly into electrical energy Ans: photovoltaic solar cells By adding extra neutrons to the Uranium 235 atom, we can create an unstable version of this atom which splits into two nuclei, releasing excess energy. Ans: Nuclear fission

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67. Currently there are no large-scale fusion reactors for energy generation because Ans: with current technology more energy needs to be put in to a fusion reaction than is released. 68. In 1938 and 1939 it was discovered that when the nuclei of uranium atoms are bombarded with neutrons, the nuclei undergo [fission], which means they split into two fragments, emitting more neutrons in the process. An example of this is when a neutron hits a Uranium-235 atom. This makes the [highly unstable] nucleus Uranium-236. Uranium-236 is in a [highly excited] state that fissions into two lighter nuclei, emitting [neutrons and gamma rays] in the process. At the end of the process, about 85% of the energy released is [kinetic energy] of the fission fragments. 69. Which country is projected to have the largest increase is nuclear energy production by 2040? Ans: China 70. A breeder reactor is a reactor that ANS: produces more fissionable fuel than it consumes. 71. The center of the Earth is very hot through [radioactive] decay, and remaining heat from Earth's formation. [Underground] water reservoir are kept warm through this heat. [Geothermal] energy is the extraction of this heat energy either to use as heat, or to generate electricity. Water is pumped up from these reservoirs and used for heating. Alternatively, the water can be used to produce steam and spin a [turbine], creating electricity. This type of energy is very reliable, and consistent, but is location dependent (needing [volcanic] or tectonic hotspots) and has very high start up costs. 72. Hydrogen and oxygen fuse to create water and electrical energy Ans: fuel cell reaction Fuel Cell Reaction Electrical energy splits water into component hydrogen and oxygen Ans: electrolysis 73. Which of the following is not true regarding run of river hydroelectricity production vs. dam hydroelectricity production? a. Run of river has less of an environmental footprint. b. Run of river is usually higher power production. c. Run of river uses less building material like concrete. d. Run of river does no depend on large water reservoirs.

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74. Biomass energy refers to energy produced by [organic matter]. Feedstock is the word they use to refer to whatever type of said material is used to produce energy. In general, feedstock is made up of water, [carbon] and [organic volatiles]. There are many processes used for energy conversion of feedstock. 1. [combustion], the process in which feedstock is burned to release energy in the form of heat. This can be used to heat water for steam generation to turn a turbine in a generator. 2. [Gasification], the process of using heat and pressure for a partial combustion into a combustible cloud of various gases called [syngas]. This is then used instead of natural gas. 3. [Biodigestion], the process where feedstock is broken down by bacteria in a vacuum to create bio-gas, which can be burned to produce energy. 75. The most efficient wind turbines interrupt the airflow as much as possible. ANS: FALSE 76. At the current rate of use, known uranium deposits would last approximately? ANS: 100 years 77. Which of the following is a renewable resource? a. Natural gas b. Uranium c. Hydro-power d. Coal 78. The absorbed sunlight in the atmosphere has a peak of intensity for [visible] part of the spectrum. We also reveal that the intensity of sunlight before hitting the atmosphere is [more than] that of sunlight after going through the atmosphere. It is also seen that about [24 percent] of the sunlight intensity in the upper atmosphere reaches the earth's surface on a clear day, in contrast to [17 percent] for a cloudy day. The reaching sunlight on the surface of the earth has [different] insolations meaning that, for instance, Australia receives [more] light intensity than Canada. 79. Energy resources come in the variety of forms. The resources that could be exhausted within a relatively short time are: Ans: coal, oil,natural gas,uranium, geothermal 80. What percentage of crude oil production is offshore? Ans: 30% 81. The levelized cost of electricity (LCOE) is ANS: recently comparable for alternative energy sources and traditional energy sources. 82.

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We find that most of the crude oil is found in [structural traps] around the world, as seen in the picture. The idea behind this trap is that oil cannot go through [roof rock] as it is non-porous while [reservoir rock] is porous. As long as a crude oil reservoir is discovered, its extraction starts which can be either onshore or offshore. We see that [most] of the extractions are being done onshore around the world. It is because offshore extraction is the way [more expensive]. We cannot surely claim how long the oil lasts at least due to the improved level of technology for both [detection and extraction]. 83. A(n) [active solar energy] system collects and absorbs the Sun's energy, and uses pumps or fans to distribute the collected heat. The image above shows an example of such a system. The structure circled in red is the [heat exchanger], which takes in liquid heated by solar energy. The water is then put in the [storage tank], circled in blue. There are other similar systems, such as the [flat-plate collector], which has an absorber surface painted black to absorb the sun's energy and tubes of fluid that run through the absorber sheet. 84. When we describe the process using solar energy directly, the energy which we are exploiting at our point of first contact with it is of the form of [electromagnetic] energy. Let us talk specifically about a flat-plate Collector, which is an object we use to absorb the sun’s energy. The optimal colour to use for the main layer used to absorb the heat is painted [black]. This layer absorb the most solar energy and convert it into the form of [thermal] energy.. There is [fluid in tubes] which run through the absorber sheet which gets heated up. The method of keeping the heat in is by covering the top piece with two glass pieces for [insulation]. 85. A ball is at rest with kinetic energy 0. The ball is subsequently thrown and now has a kinetic energy K > 0. The ball has gained energy. This violates the law of conservation of energy. ANS: False 86. Looking at the figure, we understand that the fatalities regarding the mines around the US have been [decreasing] over time due to improved mining safety policies year by year. Mining itself might have impacts on the environment within which [lower quality of water] can be mentioned. Another impact of mining can be [acid mine drainage] in which pollution from sulfuric acid and extracted metals would endanger the quality of the water in the lakes. Overall, we expect that [surface mining] would have [more] impacts on the environment than [subsurface mining]. 87. According to the course lessons, what percentage of the oil produced in Canada is exported? ANS: 50% 88. The sun's energy is produced by ANS: Nuclear fusion 89. Subsurface mining techniques are used when coal deposits are ANS: Harder to access 90. In the video "Olympic Cyclist vs Toaster", an Olympic cyclist is used to illustrate the production of power. When the bike is powered, the produced power is coming from a specific type of energy. What is this type of energy? ANS: Chemical energy 91. In an isolated system the entropy of the system increases over time.

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ANS: True 92. The change in internal energy of a system equals the net heat transfer into the system minus the net work done by the system. This is ANS: First Law of Thermodynamics 93. When petroleum products are refined they get separated according to ANS: Their boiling points 94. The law of conservation of energy can be stated as which of the following? ANS: P=0 95. In a structural trap, oil is trapped between ANS: a lower layer of porous rock and an upper layer of non-porous rock. 96. One negative effect which affects wildlife and even potable water in lakes and streams is [Acid mine drainage], which is pollution caused when sulfuric acid, lead, arsenic and cadmium are washed from coal and metal mines and leaked into [bodies of water]. When it comes to surface mining, there is often the destruction of [surface vegetation and wildlife habitat] by clearing by areas of soil and rock. One of the kinds of surface mining is known as mountain top mining. If they know there is a layer of coal underneath the overburden, they will remove it and dump it into [a nearby valley]. Unfortunately this is often where streams are located and can be completely covered up and the local ecosystems are [destroyed]. 97. A clothes dryer consumes 2500 watts of energy. In 2 seconds how much energy does the dryer use? Ans: 5000 joules 98. The correct answer is: depositing money into bank account → transfer of ty pe of energy, Getting paid → Having work done, pay wage → power, Money → Energy 99. In the U.S. about 50% of the total energy used is used in the transportation sector. ANS: False 100. The peak of the sun's light spectrum is in the Ans: Visible 101. There are different ways to use solar energy in our favor. For instance, we can use [active solar energy] in which solar energy is being used to produce [thermal energy]. In this approach, a [black plate] is being employed to maximize the absorption of solar energy. In advance, the fluid to be heated by solar energy is [adjacent to] this plate. Another method to exploit solar energy is called [passive solar energy] in which mechanical devices [are not included]. 102. You are asked to move a heavy box by pushing it along the floor. The box is too heavy and after several minutes of attempting to push it, it has not moved. However, because you have applied a force to the box, you have still done work on it.

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ANS: False 103. In Canada which sector uses the most natural gas? ANS: Energy sector 104. Charged electric batteries → Chemical energy, Burning wood → Chemical energy, Dropping a ball from a height off the ground → Mechanical energy, Heating up water over a stove → Thermal energy, During storms, clouds and the ground have opposite charges and store this type of energy → Electric energy, Visible light coming from a lamp → Electromagnetic radiation 105. The energy due to an object's motion is called Ans: kinetic energy 106. The standard that certifies energy efficient products is called ANS: Energy star 107. type of gas is known to have damaging effects on mainly the respiratory systems of animals and humans. It can also harm plants as well. There can also be acidic effects which can damage buildings and materials and make the pH of water drop, damaging aquatic life and ecosystems. The ecosystems damaged also include terrestrial ecosystems. ANS: Sulphur Oxide This type of pollutant is created when mixtures of the two base components are heated to over 1100 degrees Celsius. These two base components make up the large majority of our air. The damaging effects on humans is mainly within the respiratory system. However it is not limited to us. Acids are a subclass of these gases, and so these can contribute to the acidification of both aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems. It can also cause damage to vegetation. ANS: Nitrogen oxides It is believed that this type of gas is responsible for having direct toxic effects on humans. These effects include carcinogenesis and neurotoxicity. Some of the more reactive forms of these gases can combine with another kind of gas on this list in photochemical reactions, which can form ground-level ozone which is a major component of the creation of smog. ANS: Volatile Organic Compounds This gas is incredible difficult to perceive through the sensory organs, and is very harmful to humans. Those who are at especially high risk are the very young and the very old. It is also especially dangerous for those with heart or lung conditions. The effects that it can have go from damaging eyesight, motor skills and ability to perform complex tasks. ANS: Carbon Monoxide 108. In Canada most of our residential energy use is consumed through ANS: space heating 109. Coal is the only fossil fuel that contains sulphur. ANS: False

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110. Conservation of energy (in the environmental sense) refers to [actively consuming less energy]. One of the main topics in energy conservation is the [effeciency] of an energetic process. This refers to the fraction of energy that is used for work. The energy which is lost to the environment (not used for work) is called heat, and it can be lost in three ways, conduction, [convection], and radiation. 111. The current predictions for the future show that the earth will be greatly altered. Sea levels will rise and flooding will become more common. The weather systems will likely become more extreme. These processes are going to cause a lot of chaos and danger for animals and humans alike and we do not currently have the ability to reverse these processes once they have gone past a point of no return. These consequences are negative and irreversible. These changes are known as climate change, since they are long-term changes in weather systems. Weather refers to current conditions whereas climate refers to changes to the whole system over longer periods. The main cause of this change is the emission of greenhouse gases. By investing into renewable energy, we can slow down this process so we can have more time to at least try to research and mitigate these negative effects. 112. When heat is transferred between two objects in contact with each other, the process is called ANS: Conduction 113. Hydraulic fracking is safe for ground water because it uses pure water only. ANS: False 114. In the last 2 decades the global sea level has ANS: increased steadily 115. Which is of greater importance in terms of environmental impact? a) NO ans: b) NO2 116. Carbon monoxide is primarily produced in which sector? ANS: Transportation 117. All fossil fuels contain sulphur. When sulphur is burned, [sulphur dioxide] is created. SO(3) combines with water to form [sulphuric acid]. The production of sulphur oxides has [decreased] over time. Sulphur oxides can contribute to the [acidification] of aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems. 118. The last 3-4 decades have been ANS: the warmest in the last 800 years

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119. Which one is NOT relevant to water contamination by possible pollutants Oil splills b. Hydraulic fracking c. Coal mining d. Building dams Dams can impact the ecology of the region but there is no evidence that they

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