PSA 6

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Indiana University, Purdue University, Indianapolis *

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Mechanical Engineering

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Dec 6, 2023

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Pre-Session Assignment (PSA) #6 Name ________Makenna Hammack__________________ Complete the vocabulary-matching sections and at least the first three objectives for each chapter. Doing so will prepare you for recitations and for the quizzes. You are highly encouraged to complete the rest of the objectives to keep you on track and so you can ask for clarification during recitation. All answers can be found in the textbook, even if a section has not yet been covered in lecture. Please complete and turn in one hour before the designated weekly recitation time via canvas. Chapter 41 Objectives: Neuronal Signaling 1 __A__ stage in the repolarization time of an action potential when an additional repolarization event is not possible __C__ a branch of an axon __F__ an event that results in the depolarization and formation of an action potential __H__ an event that results in the hyperpolarization of a neuron and the prevention of an action potential __E__ motor neuron __B__ sensory neuron __D__ occurs in unmyelinated axons and is continuous along the length of the axon __G__ support cells of the CNS (not conducting cells) __J__ cell that myelinates neurons in PNS __L__ the neuron leaving a synapse __N__ stage in the repolarization time of an action potential when an additional depolarization event is possible but the threshold level will be higher than during a resting transmembrane potential __I__ combining incoming and outgoing information __K__ cell that myelinates neurons in the CNS __R__ channels that open and close based upon the charge difference across the membrane __O__ movement of an action potential along a myelinated axon where the action potential only occurs at the nodes __Q__ electrical charge difference across a membrane __L__ the neuron leading up to a synapse (the one coming into the synapse) __P__ electrical value at which the voltage-gated sodium channels will be stimulated to open resulting in depolarization A. Absolute Refractory Period B. Afferent Neuron C. Collateral D. Continuous Conductance E. Efferent Neuron F. Excitatory Post Synaptic Potential G. Glial Cells H. Inhibitory Post Synaptic Potential I. Integration J. Neurolemmocyte K. Oligodendrocyte L. Postsynaptic Neuron M. Presynaptic Neuron N. Relative Refractory Period O. Saltatory Conductance P. Threshold Q. Transmembrane Potential R. Voltage-activated Channels

1. Describe the structure of a typical neuron (multipolar) and give the function of each of its regions/parts ( drawing helpful! ) 1.) Dendrites: a. Branches of a neuron that receive and conduct nerve impulses toward the cell body b. Typically short, highly branched processes specialized to receive stimuli and send signals to the cell body 2.) Cell Body: a. The large portion of a neuron that contains most cytoplasm, the nucleus, and most of the other organelles b. 3.) Axon Collateral: a. When axon divides b. Allows individual neurons to make contacts with multiple neurons within a target and multiple targets 4.) Synaptic Terminals: a. A bulb at the end of an axon in which neurotransmitter molecule are stored and released 5.) Nucleus: a. Contains the nucleolus and chromosomes, necessary for coded production of proteins within the cell 6.) Axon: a. The long extension of the neuron that transmits nerve impulses away from the cell body b. May be 1m or mare in length 7.) Nodes of Ranvier: a. A gap in the myelin sheath of a nerve, between adjacent Schwann cells 8.) Schwann Cell: a. Supporting cells found in nervous tissue outside the central nervous system; produce the myelin sheath around peripheral neurons b. Schwann cell structures: i. Cytoplasm of Schwann Cell: ii. Axon: 1. Forms a myelin sheath by wrapping its plasma membrane concentrically around the inner axon iii. Myelin Sheath: 1. The white, fatty material that forms a sheath around the axons of certain nerve cells, which are then called myelinated fibers. iv. Nucleus: 1. Stored information for the cell 9.) Terminal Branches: a. The smaller extensions of axon collaterals 2

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2. Describe the generation of an action potential and draw and label the events that occur during an action potential, compare and contrast the role of sodium and potassium voltage-gated channels in the generation of an axon potential, and explain what happens if either is blocked or stimulated Action Potential 1.) Generation a. When voltage reaches threshold level b. When a membrane of a neuron depolarizes by about 15mV to a potential of about -55mV, when depolarization is greater than -55mV, the threshold level is reached, and an action potential is generated i. Spike: the sharp rise and fall of the action potential ii. Positive feedback system: a system in which a change in some steady stage triggers a response that intensifies the changing condition iii. Repolarization: The process of returning membrane potential to its resting. Level iv. All-or-none response : the principle that no variation exists in the strength of a single action potential; only a stimulus strong enough to depolarize the membrane to its critical threshold level results in transmission of an action potential v. Continuous Conduction: the smooth progressive impulse transmission (occurs in unmyelinated neurons) vi. Saltatory Conduction : The transmission of a neural impulse along a myelinated neuron; ion activity at one node depolarizes the next node along the axon 2.) Location a. Neurons, muscle cells, and a few cells of the endocrine and immune system 3.) Blocked a. No signal going to the central nervous system 4.) Stimulated a. Produces nerve impulse b. Allows diffusion of ion channels Sodium and Potassium voltage-gated channels 1.) Generation a. When an action potential sends out a signal 2.) Location a. Neurons, cardiac and skeletal muscle cells b. As well as glial and neuroendocrine cells 3.) Blocked a. Prevent sensory communication between the airways and brainstem 4.) Stimulated a. Allows K+ to enter and exit and Na+ to enter an exit ion channels of a cell 4

3. Compare and contrast an absolute refractory period with a relative refractory period Absolute Refractory Period 1.) It cannot transmit another action potential no matter how great a stimulus is applied because the voltage- activated Na+ channels are inactivated Relative Refractory Period 1.) The axon can transmit impulses, but the threshold is higher (less negative). Even with the limits imposed by their refractory periods, most neurons can transmit several hundred impulses per second. 2.) Lasts for a few more milliseconds 4. Describe the processes involved in neural signaling: reception, transmission, integration, and action by effectorsth 5. Compare and contrast neurons according to their structure [unipolar, bipolar, and multipolar] and their functional roles 6. Name the main types of glial cells and describe the functions of each 7. Explain how the neuron develops and maintains a resting potential (transmembrane potential) and understand what happens if any the parameters (permeability or ion concentration) are changed 8. Compare and contrast three types of ion channels in neuron membranes 9. Describe the involvement of positive and negative feedback in nerve conductance 10. Describe the all-or-none response and what determines the intensity of a sensation 5

11. Compare and contrast continuous and saltatory conduction along axons and describe why action potentials are self propagating 12. Give examples of what might affect the velocity of an action potential 13. Compare and contrast the events that occur at electrical and chemical synapses including disposal of neurotransmitters 14. Compare and contrast inhibitory (IPSP) and excitatory (EPSP) post synaptic potentials as well as integration, temporal and spatial summation of IPSPs and EPSPs. Give specific examples. 15. Describe neural circuits and convergence and divergence of neural circuits Chapter 42 Objectives: Neural Regulation 6

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1. Name the anatomical regions of the adult human brain and describe the functions associated with each ( drawing helpful! ) BRAINSTEM 1.) MEDULLA a. Description: i. Continuous with spinal cord; primarily made u of nerves passing from spinal cord to rest of brain b. Function: i. Contains vital centers (clusters of neuron cell bodies) that control heartbeat, respiration, and blood pressure; contains centers that control swallowing, coughing, and vomiting 2.) PONS: a. Description: i. Forms bulge on anterior surface of brain stem b. Function: i. Connects various parts of the brain with one another; contains respiratory and sleep centers 3.) MIDBRAIN 7 __B__ a centralized control/integration point of the nervous system __E__ crossing over of spinal nerve tracts that occurs in the medulla __G__ nervous tissue that contains only unmyelinated axons, cell bodies, and support cells __A__ responds to changes in the internal environment, controls visceral functions including smooth and heart muscle contraction __D__ when sensory and motor neurons enter and exit on opposite sides of the spinal cord, integration happens in the cord during the crossover to the other side __C__ the brain and spinal cord, located inside a bony enclosure (cranium and vertebrae) __L__ part of CNS located outside of a bony enclosure __F__ a group of nerve cell bodies, in the vertebrate CNS they are located peripherally __J__ when sensory, integration and motor neurons connect on one side of the spinal cord ____ an axon that has a myelin sheath around it __H__ the convoluted brain tissue of the cerebrum __M__ responds to changes in the external environment, regulates activities under conscious control, coordinates body activities __I__ one half (left or right) of the cerebrum ____ axons lacking a myelin sheath __Q__ nervous tissue that contains only myelinated axons __N__ furrows (dips between the gyri) that run throughout the cerebrum __O__ a group of nerves carrying similar information such as the olfactory tract or optic tract A. Autonomic Division of PNS B. Brain C. Central Nervous System (CNS) D. Contralateral E. Decussation F. Ganglion G. Gray Matter H. Gyrus I. Hemisphere J. Ipsilateral K. Myelinated L. Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) M. Somatic Division of PNS N. Sulcus O. Tract P. Unmyelinated Q. White Matter

a. Description: i. Just above pons b. Function: i. Center for visual and auditory reflexes (ex. pupil reflex, blinking, and adjusting ear to volume of sound) THALAMUS a. Description: a. Top of brain stem b. Function: a. Main sensory relay center for conducting information between spinal cord and cerebrum; neurons in thalamus sort and interpret all incoming sensory information (except olfaction) before relaying messages to appropriate neurons in cerebrum HYPOTHALAMUS 1.) Description: a. Just below thalamus; pituitary gland is connected to hypothalamus by stalk of neural tissue 2.) Function: a. Contains centers for control of body temperature, appetite, and fat metabolism; regulates pituitary gland; important in emotional and sexual responses, and in sleep-wake cycle CEREBELLUM 1.) Description: a. Second-largest division of brain 2.) Function: a. Muscle coordination and refinement of movements; muscle tone, posture, and equilibrium; helps plan and initiate voluntary activity; stores implicit memories CEREBRUM: 1.) Description: a. Largest, most prominent part of human brain; longitudinal fissure divides cerebrum into right and left hemispheres, each divided into frontal, parietal, temporal, and occipital lobes 2.) Functions: a. Center of intellect, memory, judgment, consciousness, and language; also controls sensation and motor functions 3.) CEREBRAL CORTEX (outer gray matter) a. Description: i. Arranged into convolutions (folds) that increase surface area; functionally, cerebral cortex is divided into: 1. Motor areas 2. Sensory areas 3. Association areas b. Function: i. Motor areas: 1. Control movement of voluntary muscles ii. Sensory areas: 1. Receive incoming information from eyes, ears, touch receptors, and other sensory receptors iii. Association areas: 1. Centers for intellect, memory, language, and emotion; interpret incoming sensory information 4.) WHITE MATTER a. Description: 8

i. Consists of myelinated axons of neurons that connect various regions of brain; axons are arranged in bundles (tracts) b. Function: i. Connects the following: 1. Neurons within same hemisphere 2. Right and left hemisphere 3. Cerebrum with other parts and spinal cord 9

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2. Compare and contrast the general structure of the vertebrate nervous system (CNS and PNS) including all the divisions of the PNS ( web helpful! ) Central Nervous System (CNS): 1.) Components: a. The brain and the spinal cord 2.) Functions: a. Take in sensory information b. Process information c. Send out motor signals Peripheral Nervous System (PNS): 1.) Components: a. Sensory receptors, the nerves that link these receptors with the central nervous system, and the nerves that link the CNS with effectors (muscle and glands) b. Spinal nerves-31 pairs: 8-cervical, 12-thoracic, 5-lumbar, 5-sacral, 1-coccygeal c. SNS: i. Two sets of neurons 1. Those that have their cell bodies within the spinal cord 2. Those whose soma resides in ganglia outside the central nervous system d. ANS: i. Three anatomically divisions 1. Sympathetic 2. Parasympathetic 3. Enteric ii. 4 Nerves 1. Ciliary (Cranial nerve III) 2. Submandibular (Cranial nerve VII) 3. Pterygopalatine (Cranial nerve VII) 4. Otic (Cranial nerve IX) 2.) Functions: a. Helps the body respond to changes in the external environment b. Nerves and receptors maintain homeostasis despite internal changes make up the autonomic division c. Feeds information into your brain from most of your senses d. Carries signals that allow muscles to move e. Delivers signals that your brain uses to control vital, unconscious processes (heartbeat & breathing) 3. Describe a simple reflex and the general components of a reflex arc Reflex: 1.) An automatic, involuntary response to a given stimulus that generally functions to restore homeostasis 10

Reflex Arc 1.) Reception a. Sensory receptor signals sensory neuron 2.) Transmission a. Sensory neuron transmits signal to CNS 3.) Integration a. Interneuron integrates information 4.) Transmission a. Appropriates motor neuron transmits impulses to muscle 5.) Action by effector a. Muscle contracts, moving hand away from flame (actual Response) 4. Describe the primary functions of a nervous system 5. Compare and contrast the structure, function and response of nerve nets and bilateral nervous systems in invertebrates including animal examples 11

6. Describe the withdrawal, muscle spindle reflex, and withdrawal combined with cross extensor reflexes. Also istinguish between an ispsilateral and a contralateral reflexes 7. Recognize that the forebrain, midbrain, hindbrain arose from the neural tube and name the adult brain structures that arose from each 8. Describe the structure and functions of the human cerebrum including the surface anatomy (sulci, gyri, fissure, central sulcus, pre- and postcentral gyrus), the cerebral lobes, and the associated homunculus 9. Describe the general structure of the spinal cord including the definition of tracts and columns 10. Name and describe the protective barriers of the CNS 11. Define the term drug and where drugs work 12. Define the terms receptor site, receptor affinity, agonist, antagonist, length of effect, ability, effect, and action as they relate drugs 13. Diagram and describe cocaine’s mechanism of action 14. Describe the difference between an intracellular and an extracellular drug 12

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15. Distinguish physical dependence, drug addiction and tolerance 16. Name the major sources of drugs 17. Give examples of drugs obtained from plants and the drug’s function 18. Describe the action of cocaine, strychnine, tetanus, lead, black widow spider venom, curare, and myasthenia gravis 13