Rhodes_Jaylen_Week1Assignment

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University of Louisville *

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632

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Industrial Engineering

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Apr 3, 2024

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Jaylen Rhodes Week 1 Assignment EM 632 1. What are the three statistical methods used for quality control and improvement? Control Charts, Statistical Process Control, and Design of Experiments 2. What is a Six Sigma process? Assume a 1.5-sigma shift for process disturbances overtime. A Six Sigma process is a methodology aimed at reducing defects and improving quality by systematically eliminating variation and minimizing process deviations. A 1.5-sigma shift for process disturbances over time indicates that the process mean has shifted away from the target value by 1.5 times the standard deviation. This shift can result in increased defects and decreased process capability. 3. Give an example of how reliability can be a dimension of quality in a service. In the context of a banking service, reliability ensures that online banking systems are available 24/7 without downtime. Customers rely on the service's availability to perform transactions, access account information, and make payments. Reliability in this context means the service consistently meets customer expectations and performs as intended without disruptions. 4. Name the four categories of quality costs and given an example for each. Prevention Costs: Training programs for employees to ensure they produce quality work. Appraisal Costs: Inspection and testing of products before they are shipped to customers. Internal Failure Costs: Rework and scrap costs incurred due to defects found before products are shipped. External Failure Costs: Warranty claims and customer returns due to defective products reaching customers. 5. Explain the importance of tollgates in the DMAIC process. Tollgates are checkpoints in the DMAIC (Define, Measure, Analyze, Improve, Control) process where project progress and results are evaluated before proceeding to the next phase. They ensure that project objectives are being met, resources are allocated effectively, and the project stays on track to achieve its goals. Tollgates also provide opportunities for stakeholders to review and approve project milestones, mitigating risks and ensuring alignment with organizational priorities. 6. If safe aircraft landings are estimated to operate at a 5-sigma level, how many unsafelandings are expected per million landings? Assume the process shifts 1.5 standarddeviations over time due to process disturbances.
If safe aircraft landings operate at a 5-sigma level, this implies a defect rate of 0.00034 defects per million opportunities (assuming a normal distribution). With a 1.5-sigma shift, the process's performance deteriorates, resulting in a higher defect rate. The exact calculation would depend on the specifics of the shift and the process's performance after the shift. 7. Sometimes an obvious solution may become evident in the Analyze Phase of a DMAIC project. Discuss at least one risk with immediately implementing the obvious solutionand abandoning the Improve and Control Phases of the project. One risk is that the obvious solution may not address the root cause of the problem adequately. By bypassing the Improve and Control Phases, there is a possibility of overlooking other contributing factors or unintended consequences of the proposed solution. Additionally, without proper validation and testing, the solution may not be sustainable or scalable in the long term. Skipping phases could lead to suboptimal outcomes and hinder the project's overall success. 8. The service time in minutes from admit to discharge for ten patients seeking care in ahospital emergency department are 21, 136, 185, 156, 3, 16, 48, 28, 100, and 12.Calculate the mean and standard deviation of the service time. See the data presented in #8 tab of the Excel file. Mean: 70.5, Standard Deviation: 67.73518698 9. The time to failure in hours of an electronic component was subjected to an acceleratedlife test where units were operated at an elevated temperature. See data presented in #9 tab of the Excel file. a. Calculate the sample average and standard deviation. Average: 129.975, Standard Deviation: 8.914084217 b. Construct a histogram.
c. Construct a stem-and-leaf plot. Stem | Leaf -----|----- 11 | 8 9 9 12 | 0 1 1 2 3 4 4 5 5 6 8 9 9 13 | 0 1 1 1 2 2 3 3 7 14 | 0 1 2 2 2 15 | 0 1 2 16 | 0 d. Find the sample median and the lower and upper quartiles (Q1 and Q3). Median: 128, Q1: 124, Q3: 134.5 10.There were 20 observations made on cycles to failure of aluminum test coupons subjected to repeated alternating stress of 15,000 psi at 20 cycles per second. Construct a normal probability plot, a lognormal probability plot, and a Weibull probability plot for these data. Based on the plots, which distribution seems to be the best model for the cycles to failure for this material? See data presented in tab #10 of the Excel file. Normal Probability Plot:
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Lognormal Probability Plot: Weibull Probability Plot:
Well I think both the Normal Probability Plot and Lognormal Probability Plot fit this dataset as they are almost straight lines.