Plant Growth and Development (2)
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School
University of Guelph *
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Course
2470
Subject
Industrial Engineering
Date
Dec 6, 2023
Type
Pages
6
Uploaded by ProfWillpowerPartridge28
Plant Growth and Development
Lab 3 Worksheet (56 points total)
Due to CourseLink DropBox on the day of your session during the week of October 16th
Please note that lab assignments are due prior to the start of the lab.
Part 1: Answer the questions below to the best of your ability:
1.
In your observations of the monocot and dicot plants, what differences did you note
between the plant groups? Be as specific as possible and include photos with each
description that you record. (10 points)
While observing the
monocots and dicot plants,
one difference that was
easily notable between them
was leaf venetian. As seen
in the photos the soybean
plants had net like venation
throughout the leafs
whereas the corn had
parallel venation. Another
easily visible difference was
the flowering parts.
Monocot plants usually
grow and flower in
multiples of three whereas
dicots tend to flower in multiples of four or five. The root systems of these plants are vastly
different. The soybeans have a taproot
system with one dominant primary
root where the corn plant has a fibrous
root system emerging from the base of
the stem.
2.
For the plants that are available in two growth stages, record the following for each
age of plant: (10 points)
Plant 1:
Plant species:
Premature Corn
|
Corn
Age of plant:
September 22
|
September 15
Plant height (cm):
16.4cm |
18.2cm
Leaf width (at the widest part of the leaf) of each of the leaves:
1.1cm
|
1.2cm
Leaf length of each of the leaves:
7.7cm
|
8.1cm
Number of leaves:
4
|
5
Root length:
14.1cm
|
23.2cm
Plant 2:
Plant species:
Premature soybean
|
Soybean
Age of plant:
September 22
|
September 15
Plant height (cm):
13.4cm
|
15.8cm
Leaf width (at the widest part of the leaf) of each of the leaves:
4.8cm
|
6.3cm
Leaf length of each of the leaves:
5.7cm
|
6.3cm
Number of leaves:
5
|
5
Root length:
10.4cm
|
19.8cm
3.
Based on the information that you have collected and the age of the plants, what is
the growth rate of the plants? (5 points each – 10 points total)
Growth rate Plant height = H2-H1/T
-
Monocot:
18.2cm - 16.4cm / 22 - 15 =
0.257cm/day
-
Dicots:
15.8cm - 13.4cm / 22 - 15 =
0.343cm/day
Growth rate leaf area = LA2-LA1/T
-
Monocot
LA2 = 1.125 cm x 11.45 cm = 12.88 cm
(width avg: (1.2cm + 1.2 cm + 1.5 cm + 0.6 cm / 4) = 1.125 cm length avg: (5.4 cm +
13.2 cm + 19 cm + 8.2 cm / 4) = 11.45 cm
LA1 = 1.233 cm x 10.3 cm = 12.699 cm
(width avg: (1.3 cm + 1.2 cm + 1.2 cm / 3) = 1.233 cm length avg: (13.6 cm + 4.7 cm +
12.6 cm / 3) = 10.3 cm
12.88 cm - 12.699 cm / 7 days =
0.181 cm/day
-
Dicot
LA2 = 6.15 cm x 5.85 cm = 35.9775 cm
(width avg: (6.9 cm + 5.4 cm / 2) = 6.15 cm length avg: (5.5 cm + 6.2 cm / 2) = 5.85 cm)
LA1 = 2.55 cm x 3.4 cm = 8.67 cm
(width avg:(2.5 cm+2.6cm/2)=2.55cm length avg:(3.3cm+3.5cm/2)=3.4cm)
35.9775 cm - 8.67 cm / 7 days
= 3.901 cm/day
-
Compare the growth rate between the two plant species, and tell a little bit about
how each plant grows. (5 points)
Dicot plant height and leaf area grow at a quicker rate than those of monocots. Though the plant
height growth per day is within ~0.1cm, the leaf area growth for dicots is over 20 times faster
than monocot. Dicot plants appear to have rapid growth rates. Commonly, they can be seen
growing net-like patterns within their leaves. In terms of their root systems, dicot plants have a
primary root. Often, they undergo a second growth spurt, less rapid than the first, growing
smaller roots branching off of the primary root. This second growth spurt explains the rapid
growth they exhibit in early stages. Monocots tend to have steady growth. Similar to dicots, they
also grow root systems in which there are many roots for the one plant. However, there is no
primary root, and the root growth is experienced in one growth stage. Unlike net-like patterns,
monocot leaves grow parallel.
Part 2: Based on the lecture in lab, the reading material from the OCCA study guide, and any
additional sources of information, please answer the following questions to the best of your
ability:
1.
Using the information on the crop heat unit map of Ontario, a grower near Guelph
would select a corn cultivar requiring: (1 point)
a.
< 2400 CHU
b.
2600 CHU
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c.
2900 CHU
d.
3100 CHU
2. Cutting alfalfa during the Critical Fall Harvest Period: (1 point)
a.
increases the risk of winterkill
b.
improves forage yields the following year
c.
helps to control dandelions
d.
has no residual effect on the alfalfa
3. Explain your answer for question 2: (2 points)
This period is a critical time for alfalfa to build up energy reserves in its root system for winter
survival. Harvesting during this time can damage root systems, depleting these reserves making
the plant more vulnerable to winter damage.
4. Place the following perennial forage grasses in order of seedling vigor from highest to
lowest: (1 point)
a.
Timothy
(
2)
b.
Smooth Bromegrass
(
1)
c.
Meadow Fescue
(
4)
d.
Reed Canarygrass
(
3)
5. Which soybean maturity group range is grown in Ontario? (1 point)
a.
Groups 00-II
b.
Groups III-V
c.
Groups VI-VII
d.
Groups VIII-X
-
Explain your answer and cite the source where you found the information. (2 points)
Though Ontario grows soybean with maturity groups
ranging from 000-X, the most common and prominent
groups are from MG 000-III. Ottawa falls within the
maturity group 0 category. As location in Ontario
becomes more southern, the maturity group level rises
(00 being most North and III being most South). This is
a result of longer seasons of warmth as the climate
becomes more southern. In these warmer regions, it
takes longer for frost to accumulate, allowing the
soybeans to reach a greater maturity level.
Agronomy guide for field crops publication 811 - Ontario.ca.
(n.d.). https://www.ontario.ca/files/2022-10/omafra-agronomy-guide-for-field-crops-chapter-9-en-2022-10-13.pdf
6. What percentage of the seed pods need to have turned brown for soybeans to be
considered fully mature? (1 point)
a.
95%
b.
75%
c.
55%
d.
35%
7. Which of the following numbered stages refers to the stage on Zadok’s scale at which
wheat has three tillers? (1 point)
a.
01
b.
13
c.
23
d.
33
8. At what phenological stage are all the kernels in a field corn cob ‘dented’? (1 point)
a.
VE
b.
VT
c.
R1
d.
R5
e.
R6
-
Explain why field corn kernels show a dent? (3 points)
The formation of the dent in field corn is related to its moisture content during the drying
process. As field corn matures and dries, the moisture content decreases, and this loss of
moisture causes the endosperm to contract. The reduction in moisture levels, which typically
occurs as the corn matures and reaches maturity, leads to the dent in each kernel.
9. What is the latest phenological stage on the Zadak’s Scale where it is considered safe to
spray an herbicide on wheat? (1 point)
a.
26
b.
32
c.
37
d.
50
-
Explain your answer for Question 9: (2 points)
Stage 32 of the Zadak scale represents the “second node detectable. This stage marks the
beginning of stem elongation and is the latest stage it is safe to apply herbicides on wheat.
Application prior to this stage can help provide a margin of safety from potential crop injury.
After stage 32 the plant stem elongates rapidly and the flag leaf becomes exposed. Using
herbicides beyond this stage causes increased risk of plant damage as well as decreased
effectiveness.
10. Which of the following perennial forage grasses has the greatest persistence when included
with a mixture with alfalfa for use in a 3-cut system in Ontario? (1 point)
a.
Perennial ryegrass
b.
Timothy
c.
Smooth bromegrass
d.
Orchardgrass
-
Explain what the 3-cut system in alfalfa is and then explain your answer in Question
10. (3 points)
The 3-cut system refers to a method in which alfalfa is harvested, or cut, three times in a year.
The first cut occurs during the budding phase. For alfalfa, this is in late spring when growth is
early and flowering has not begun. Since budding is present, this indicates optimal growth for the
root and stem, increasing forage when cutting here. The second cut occurs further into summer
when the plant has reached budding again. However, in this cut, it is optimal if there is some
evidence of early blooming stages. At this point there is also high forage, but slightly less
nutrient than before. The final cut can be done roughly a month later when the plant is in full
bloom. At this point, the stem is rougher due to two previous cuts; however, it is still optimal for
harvest. Occasionally, a fourth cut can be made another month after this cut, with the plant in full
bloom; nonetheless, this is dependent on the growth conditions and maturity of the plant. Using
this method maximizes yield and ensures optimal condition of the alfalfa plant. Prchardgrass
pertains the greatest persistence when mixed with alfalfa for a 3-cut system. Alfalfa is a cool
season perennial and orchardgrass is a cool-season grass. This makes their growth conditions
quite similar, allowing them to reach optimal growth around the same time. Thus, the 3-cut
method in this mixture is beneficial, as they will bloom at similar rates. As well, both have
similar germination rates. The similarities between the two make orchardgrass a optimal mixture
for alfalfa and the 3-cut method.
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