Survey of Musculoskeletal System and EMG Basics Lab Guide

1 Tyler Epps IE 4461 Lab 1: Survey of Musculoskeletal System and Introduction to Electromyography August 28 th , 2023

2 Table of Contents INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................................................... 3 METHODS ..................................................................................................................................................... 3 E QUIPMENT ............................................................................................................................................................... 3 P ROCEDURES ............................................................................................................................................................ 3 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS ............................................................................................. 4 REPORT ANSWERS ..................................................................................................................................... 4 S URVEY OF THE M USCULOSKELETAL S YSTEM ........................................................................................................ 4 APPENDIX ..................................................................................................................................................... 5 VERTEBRAL COLUMN DEFECT RESEARCH ASSIGNMENT .................................................................. 9 EMG APPLICATION RESEARCH ASSIGNMENT ....................................................................................... 9 REFERENCES ............................................................................................................................................. 10

3 Introduction The objective of this lab is to become acquainted with the human musculoskeletal system and gain a basic knowledge on using the Electromyography (EMG) and the purpose behind using that device. The significance of this lab is to be able to create an ergonomic workspace for an operator that will optimize the workers productivity based on the understanding of how the human body muscle groups move and the structure of the skeletal system. In connection with gaining knowledge about the movement of the human body, using the EMG to understand the amount of stress certain muscles are going through while a worker completes tasks can also help optimize the productivity within the workspace based on ergonomic principles. Methods Equipment • Muscular Skeletal Figures (Arm and Leg): There were multiple figures that showed the muscles and bones of the human leg. • Electromyography (Begnoli-2 EMG): This tool measures the muscle response or electrical activity of the nerves within the muscle to determine muscle activity. Electrodes are placed on the muscles of interest. • Surface Electrodes: Used to place on muscles in order to collect data from tests. • Skeletal Figure: Skeletal figure was placed in the front of the class to be used as an example in explaining where bones were located on the human body. • Sticky Notes: Used to label muscular skeletal and skeletal figures in the classroom. Procedures After receiving a summary on the muscles and skeletal bones located within the human body and a brief synopsis on the electromyography and how it works, using the sticky notes located at each station, the muscular figures needed to be labeled. After a certain amount of time, students rotated to different stations to begin labeling once more. After completing the full 4 rotations, with the help of a volunteer, a demonstration was done to show how the electromyography works. First, the part where the electrodes will be placed on the human body to read the muscle must be cleaned or else the readings will not work. Next, an electrode is placed on the temple of the student and on the muscle groups of interest. Once the electrodes are in place, readings will appear on the computer as muscles contract due to weight or tension within the muscles. The information received from the test can be used in determining ergonomic workspaces.

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4 Conclusions and Recommendations For this lab, improvements in the process of labeling and going through the muscular figures of the arms and legs of the human body would have been beneficial instead of more so talking about it. Also, having hands-on opportunity to use the EMG in class to really understand how it works and collects data. Instead of having the entire skeleton and muscle groups to label about the human body, have a more structured lab focused on talking about the major muscle groups and bones since the focus of the lab did just that. Overall, the lab accomplished the objective of becoming acquainted with the human body and skeletal bones as well as the EMG system. Report Answers Survey of the Musculoskeletal System The basic components of the skeletal system are the following below: • Bones: Made up of connective tissue reinforced with calcium and specialized bone cells. • Connective Tissue: Supports organs and cells, transport nutrients, defends against pathogens, stores fat, and repairs damaged tissue. • Cartilage: Covers the tips of bones where they meet. It enables bones to move about without friction. • Tendons: Bands of tissue that connect the ends of your muscles to the bone. • Ligaments: Bands of strong connective tissue that holds bones together. The basic components of the vertebral column are as follows: • 7 Cervical • 12 Thoracic • 5 Lumbar • 5 Sacral • 4 Coccygeal The purpose of the vertebral column to the protect the spinal cord, which communicates with the brain, and attachments to muscles providing stability. The general functions of muscles are to pump blood throughout your body, lift heavy weights, and allow for movement of the body all by contracting and relaxing of the muscles that can be voluntary or involuntary. The general functions of the ligaments and tendons are to attach the bones together through connective tissue and allows the bone structure to move by attaching muscle to bone, respectively.

5 Appendix

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9 Vertebral Column Defect Research Assignment Degenerative Disc Disease (DDD) is where your spinal disks wear down, causing them to become rubbery cushions between your vertebrae, The spinal disks act as shock absorbers and help you move, bend, and twist comfortably. This kind of disease will start to cause pain and discomfort in your vertebrae and can also lead to adult scoliosis where your spine begins to curve, herniated disk, also known as bulge, slip, or ruptured disk, spinal stenosis, and spondylolisthesis, which is when vertebrae move in and out of place. This disease is mostly common in older adults and can be caused due to an injury, obesity, smoking, and working physically past your limits. EMG Application Research Assignment EMG’s can be used for people suffering with Cerebral Palsy (CP) to determine the involuntary contractions of muscles and how muscles are being affected in those with CP. A wearable EMG recording system can be used to determine differences in muscle activity during daily activities in the patient. Patients with CP showed reduced readings on the EMG in comparison to peers who do not have CP. EMG’s can be used to run test to see whether there is an increased voluntary muscle movement in patients with CP since CP causes patients to constantly have involuntary muscle movements. Using daily activity comparisons and monitoring how their muscles move, different avenues can be explored to determine the best way to help those with CP.

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10 References 1. https://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/conditionsandtreatments/bones 2. https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/body/21048-skeletal- system#:~:text=The%20skeletal%20system%20is%20your,also%20called%20th e%20musculoskeletal%20system . 3. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK538534/#:~:text=Connective%20tissue% 20contributes%20to%20numerous,a%20limited%20number%20of%20cells . 4. https://medlineplus.gov/ency/imagepages/19089.htm#:~:text=A%20tendon%20s erves%20to%20move,together%20and%20keep%20them%20stable . 5. https://neurosurgicalassociatespc.com/spinal- anatomy/#:~:text=The%20spine%20is%20composed%20of,the%20base%20of% 20the%20skull . 6. https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/16912-degenerative-disk- disease#:~:text=Degenerative%20disk%20disease%20is%20when,a%20normal %20part%20of%20aging . 7. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/dmcn.14466#:~:text=Children%20 with%20CP%20showed%20significantly,and%20to%20typically%20developing% 20children . 8. Anatomy of Human Body 9. John Hopkins Atlas of Human Functional Anatomy 10. Pulat, B. Mustafa, Fundamentals of Industrial Ergonomics, Waveland Press, Inc., Illinois, 1992.

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