SCI 220 1-2 Journal

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Southern New Hampshire University *

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220

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Electrical Engineering

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Dec 6, 2023

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1-2 Journal: Capacity Factor Hannah Dutterer Southern New Hampshire University SCI-220-H2159 October 28, 2023

Capacity factor The capacity factor is a crucial statistic in energy production, indicating the difference between a power plant's actual output and its maximum output when operating at total capacity. It assesses the efficiency, efficacy, dependability, and performance of energy sources in a system. A higher capacity factor indicates a power plant operates closer to its maximum potential, producing more reliable and cost-effective energy. The average capacity factor for all US wind farms is 29%, with capacity factors in the low 30% range considered satisfactory, according to the University of Massachusetts at Amherst (1970). However, there is room for improvement through turbine design and site selection advancements. Capacity factors are essential for renewable energy systems, indicating reliability and productivity. They vary based on wind speed, turbine efficiency, and maintenance practices. Maximizing capacity factors is necessary for wind power's long-term viability and competitiveness. Understanding these factors allows for the strategic placement of turbines for maximum electricity generation. By increasing capacity factors, renewable energy output and utilization can be maximized, leading to a more sustainable and reliable energy system for the future. Efficiency Efficiency in energy production is crucial for the economic feasibility and performance of wind energy systems. Wind turbines, with an average efficiency of 40–50%, can cut greenhouse gas emissions by up to 84% compared to fossil fuels, according to the University of Massachusetts at Amherst (1970). Increasing efficiency can make wind energy systems more pg. 1

environmentally and economically sustainable. Machine learning algorithms and sensors can increase energy output, reduce deterioration, and detect maintenance issues. Wind energy initiatives combat climate change, boost local economies, and create jobs. Advancements in materials technology improve turbine components' durability, reduce maintenance, and enhance reliability. Maintenance costs are reduced through aerodynamics, sensors, and materials. The financial feasibility of wind energy is projected to increase as manufacturing and installation costs decrease. Research into materials, structural design, and aerodynamics can further increase wind turbine efficiency, indicating its potential as a sustainable energy source. Fuel Types The capacity factors of renewable and nonrenewable fuels are influenced by external factors such as weather, making renewable energies such as wind and solar more competitive. Technological advancements and infrastructure improvements make renewable energy sources more sustainable and reliable. The levelized energy cost for new utility-scale wind and solar projects is now lower than for coal and natural gas facilities, making them more accessible and affordable, according to the U.S. EIA (2017). Battery storage technology and intelligent grid technology also enhance the affordability of renewable energy sources. Initial installation and maintenance costs have also decreased due to these advancements. Renewable energy sources offer energy independence, employment development, and long-term economic benefits. Governments, businesses, and individuals must prioritize renewable energy solutions to reduce climate change and the health risks associated with traditional fossil fuels. pg. 2

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According to the U.S. EIA (2023), renewable energy sources will have 21% of the market share and become the second-largest source of power generation. Research and development must be prioritized to maximize cost and efficiency, ensuring a steady and dependable power supply from renewable sources. Energy mix Capacity factors are essential in understanding the reliability and stability of renewable energy sources in the U.S. energy mix. They measure output over a predetermined period, identifying challenges and opportunities for improving integration. Analyzing capacity factors allows for a comprehensive approach to energy planning, ensuring a smooth transition towards a cleaner, more sustainable future. This knowledge helps policymakers and energy planners make informed decisions about the optimal energy mix, meet future demand while minimizing environmental impacts, and ensure a reliable and resilient energy system for years. Diversifying the U.S. energy mix with renewables promotes energy security, reduces reliance on imported fossil fuels, and enhances national independence and stability. Investing in renewable energy sources can satisfy power demand, reduce dependency on fossil fuels, and contribute to climate change mitigation. Balancing sources like solar, wind, hydroelectric, geothermal, and nuclear power ensures a diverse and resilient energy system. Advanced storage technologies can enhance renewable energy sources' reliability and flexibility, providing a more sustainable and stable power supply. Conclusion pg. 3

To combat climate change, reduce emissions, promote energy independence, and create jobs, demand response programs, storage systems, and renewable energy sources must be integrated. Advanced storage technologies improve renewable energy's flexibility, enabling storage during low-generation or high-demand periods. This boosts production, minimizes resource waste, and reduces air pollution and health risks. Wind power's long-term viability and competitiveness are influenced by capacity factors, investment, and renewable energy technologies, with advanced maintenance techniques ensuring peak turbine performance. pg. 4

References: University of Massachusetts at Amherst. (1970). Wind Power: Capacity Factor, Intermittency, and what happens when the wind doesn’t blow? In WindAction . Renewable Energy Research Laboratory. https://www.windaction.org/posts/3589-wind-power-capacity- factor-intermittency-and-what-happens-when-the-wind-doesn-t-blow#.X5wjuFB7lhE U.S. Energy Information Administration. (2017). U.S. capacity factors by fuel type . Nuclear Energy Institute. https://www.nei.org/resources/statistics/us-capacity-factors-by-fuel-type U.S. Energy Information Administration . (2023). U.S. Department of Energy. https://www.eia.gov/energyexplained/electricity/electricity-in-the-us-generation-capacity- and-sales.php pg. 5

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