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1 mn 3 ARR ee eas aeRO, Wem Fey] ES] 7 women fae Fee, ree sae. eee 2 DAVID F . WALKER DAMON SMYTH ‘MAR ISSA L ° UISE \ es Frederick Douglass has a uniquely American — writings, including the classic Narrative of the oe Frederick Douglass himself. Lessons on American $19. 99 “(aneda: $25.99) | AN ILLUSTRATED AMERICAN FE S From his birth | into slavery. to his escape SF rise” asa public speaker, abolitionist, andthe most : photographed man of. the nineteenth century, life story, part tragedy and part triumph. His Life of Frederick Douglass, and his Speeches . inspired People to take action against the evils _ of slavery i in the United States, and his words continue to resonate in today’s tumultuous political and cultural climates. Now this comic : book- style biography brings those words and Douglass’ s story to visual life. Along the way, : - you'll experience iconic. historical figures like co Harriet: Tubman, John Brown, Susan B. Antony, - . and Abraham Lincoln through theeyesof slavery, the rise of. photography, anda history - of the Civil War round out this essential guide to. aman whose achievements eeote toi inspire. | Se THE LIFE OF FREDERICK DOUGLASS THE LIFE OF FREDERICK DOUGLASS A GRAPHIC NARRATIVE OF A SLAVE'S JOURNEY FROM BONDAGE TO FREEDOM DAVID F. WALKER ART BY DAMON SMYTH COLORS BY MARISSA LOUISE LETTERS BY JAMES GUY HILL = . . TEN es G.M. Elliott Library — California | New YorkC iNCINNati Christian University 2700 Gienway Ave Cincinnati, OH 45204-3200 CONTENTS k Douglass & the People in His Life vi Introduction 1 - 7. - io ee . 8 fe of Frederick Douglass 5. ° Understand Slavery 16— a. | F our: The Escape 53 Five: Life as a Runaway Slave 74 oa P hotogr aphy and Frederick Douglass 98 A Brief Explanation of the Civil War 124 ainst Slaver WHO’S WHO Frederick Douglass and the People in His Life FREDERICK DOUGLASS (born Frederick Augustus Washington Bailey). BETSEY BAILEY HARRIET BAILEY Frederick’s grandmother. Frederick’s mother. ANNA DOUGLASS LEWIS, CHARLES, FREDERICK DOUGLASS JR., AND ROSETTA Four of Frederick and Anna’s Frederick’s wife. five children. Their youngest, Annie, died at the age of ten. 3 gestae ee vii & ee AARON ANTHONY LUCRETIA ANTHONY AULD Frederick’s original owner, also Daughter of Aaron Anthony, widely believed to be his father. she inherited Frederick when her father died. THOMAS AULD HUGH AND SOPHIA AULD Lucretia Auld’s husband, he inherited Thomas Auld’s brother and Frederick after his wife’s death. sister-in-law.

2 Frederick was loaned out to them as a servant. COLONEL EDWARD LLOYD Governor of Maryland, employer of Aaron Anthony, and owner of the land upon which Anthony lived with his slaves. WILLIAM LLOYD GARRISON Renowned abolitionist and newspaper publisher, an early mentor to Frederick before becoming bitter enemies. They eventually reconciled. JOHN BROWN EDWARD COVEY ABRAHAM LINCOLN Militant abolitionist. A farmer and slave 16th president of the overseer, known as United States. a slave breaker. INTRODUCTION Getting to know Frederick Douglass has been no easy task. In his third autobiography, The Life and Times of Frederick Douglass, written in 1881 and then revised in 1892, Douglass wrote, “It will be seen in these pages that | have lived several lives as one.” Indeed, Frederick Douglass lived several lives, or more specifically, his life’s journey took him down multiple paths, each one worthy of historical examination, and some shrouded in mystery. The primary source of information on Douglass’s life has been Douglass himself —his three autobiographies, the essays and editorials he wrote for the newspapers he published and edited, his personal correspondences, and the countless speeches he gave. All of this material has helped to create the impression of the man known as Frederick Douglass, who exists as both a historic personality and as something of a mythological figure. To be clear, when | refer to Douglass as a mythological figure, | do so in the same way | refer to Abraham Lincoln, George Washington, and all other individuals immortalized by history as mythological figures. These people, whose names are known to us, and who are recognized for key moments and actions in their lives, have all been reduced in one way or another into mythic beings, their lives often simplified into a few sentences that are easily taught to schoolchildren, but lacking in true depth or complete understanding. This is certainly the case with Frederick Douglass. Arguably the best known of the black abolitionists, Douglass’s name and image have become part of the narrative we call American history. At the same time, the recognizable face and the name that goes with it are little more than the tip of an iceberg. Much of this has to do with how Douglass told the story of his life. For example, Douglass was married to his wife, Anna, for more than forty years, yet there is no definitive information on how they met or what her life was like. Shrouded in even greater mystery are Douglass’s siblings, whom

3 he seldom mentions in his writing, even though he knew them in his youth and was reunited with some of them after the end of slavery. Douglass knew both Harriet Tubman and Susan B. Anthony, yet determining how and when he met each woman is still largely speculation. In the case of Tubman, the evidence all points to a very specific occasion when the legendary conductor of the Underground Railroad met Douglass, and it is that moment that | have depicted in this graphic novel. Frederick Douglass was an incredible writer, and though | never heard him speak, based on the transcripts of his numerous lectures, he was an amazing orator. He did not, however, write with the intention of his life being depicted in a graphic novel. | point this out to address any questions or criticisms that may be leveled at this book. | grappled with the best way to construct the narrative for this book, and in the end, | made the decision to have Douglass narrate his own tale, which | will elaborate on more below. But before | do that, | want to make clear that the voice narrating this book is based on Douglass’s writing, but it is not actually his writing. | used key words that he used in his writing, as well as the occasional paraphrased passages, but, most important, | used the ideas set forth in his work. The narration in this book is a distillation of what Douglass wrote, crafted to work within the specific medium of the graphic novel. | wrestled with how to present the narrative of this book. | worried about taking on the voice of Douglass, and the implication of writing this in the first person. | even had earlier drafts written in an omniscient voice, but it didn’t feel right. And the reason it didn’t feel right came down to the undeniable truth that surrounded everything Frederick Douglass said and did: the reclamation of his humanity, and the humanity of all those held in the dehumanizing bondage of slavery. In the minds of many Americans, slavery exists more as an abstract concept than as a harsh reality of dehumanizing, forced labor. Likewise, the slave exists as something other than human. The word slave itself serves as a replacement for human, reducing those who had been enslaved into something less than what they actually were, turning them into some type of thing. Frederick Douglass spent most of his life fighting to reclaim the humanity denied to millions of Africans and their descendants, who had been reduced to nothing more than property. For me, the goal of this graphic novel was more than just recounting the life of Frederick Douglass, it

4 was to assert his humanity—and the humanity of slaves. As a writer, there was no better way to do this than to give Douglass a voice in this book. It was not a decision made lightly. | actually fought against it and stressed about it more than | can articulate. But in the end, | realized that if all this book did was offer a dry recounting of Douglass’s life, without delving into the humanity he spent his life asserting, then as a writer | would have failed. More important, as the descendant of human beings who had been enslaved, | would have failed in helping my relatives reclaim the humanity they had been denied during their lives. Frederick Douglass’s fight for freedom and equality continues more than a century after his death. Traces of the hate and dehumanization that allowed slavery to thrive and flourish in America still infect this country. It is my hope that this book will help people better understand Douglass, the institution of slavery, and then, little by little and step by step, move toward a place where all human lives are honored and respected with equal measure. —DAVID F. WALKER The Early Life of Frederick Douglass I WAS BORN FREDERICK AUGUSTUS WASHINGTON BAILEY, IN TALBOT COUNTY, MARYLAND, ON A PLANTATION OWNED BY COLONEL EDWARD LLOYD MORE THAN TWENTY YEARS | OF MY LIFE ge WERE SPENT WITHIN THE PECULIAR INSTITUTION KNOWN AS SLAVERY. THE NAME BY WHICH I AM BEST KNOWN, i FREDERICK DOUGLASS, WAS TAKEN AFTER MY ESCAPE FROM SLAVERY, AS I EMBARKED ON A NEW LIFE AS A FREE MAN. THE JOURNEY THAT I CALL MY LIFE HAS BEEN ONE OF SUFFERING AND CELEBRATION. I HAVE BEEN KEPT IN CHAINS, AND I HAVE CONFERRED WITH PRESIDENTS. ‘ I HAVE BEEN BEATEN, AND I HAVE FOUGHT BACK. SOME WOULD SAY THAT I HAVE LED AN INCREDIBLE LIFE, AN ASSERTION I AM NOT WILLING TO MAKE, FOR I AM JUST A MAN. eee: YET ALL MEN HAVE A STORY, AND THIS IS MINE I VO NOT RECALL HAVING EVER MET A SLAVE THAT 8 COULD TELL ME OF THEIR BIRTHDAY. MOST MASTERS I HAVE MET PREFER TO KEEP THEIR SLAVES IGNORANT OF SUCH THINGS, DEPRIVING THE SLAVES, BY BITS AND PIECES, OF THAT WHICH AFFORDS THEM HUMANITY. I DO NOT KNOW MY AGE, FOR I HAVE NEVER SEEN ANY RECORD OF MY DATE OF BIRTH. THIS IS NOT UNCOMMON FOR SLAVES, MOST OF WHOM KNOW AS LITTLE OF THEIR AGES AS HORSES KNOW OF THEIRS. ak IN MY LIFE, I SAW MY MOTHER NO MORE THAN FOUR OR FIVE TIMES, AND THEN IT WAS ONLY FOR BRIEF FLEETING MOMENTS THAT

5 ALLOWED FOR VERY LITTLE BY WAY OF FAMILIARITY OR COMFORT. ee I DO NOT KNOW THE i! IDENTITY OF MY FATHER, THOUGH POSSIBLE NAMES WERE SPOKEN IN WHISPERS. I KNOW WITH CERTAINTY [J THAT HE WAS A WHITE MAN, : AND I SUSPECT THAT HE WAS MY OWNER, CAPTAIN AARON ANTHONY. y A IT IS NOT UNCOMMON FOR THE MASTER OF THE SLAVE ALSO TO BE THE FATHER. INDEED, MANY WHITE MEN SATISFIED BOTH LUST AND GREED THROUGH THE RAPE OF BLACK WOMEN. I WAS RAISED BY MY GRANDMOTHER, BETSEY BAILEY, KNOWING LITTLE OF THE CONDITIONS OF SLAVERY IN MY EARLY YEARS. STILL, SLAVERY CAST AN EVER-PRESENT SHADOW UPON ME, TAKING ME FROM THE ARMS OF MY MOTHER, HARRIET BAILEY. SLAVERY CARES NOT FOR THE FAMILY. THE RELATIONSHIP A BETWEEN A SLAVE MOTHER AND HER CHILD IS NO DIFFERENT FROM THAT OF THE COW AND HER CALF--ALL ARE PROPERTY, AND SUBJECT TO THEIR MASTERS’ WHIMS. ey SHE DIED WHEN I WAS STILL QUITE YOUNG, AND THOUGH IT PAINS ME TO SAY THIS, SHE EXISTS FOR ME AS LITTLE MORE THAN A FEW VAGUE, FRAGMENTED MEMORIES. 5) NOT KNOWING THE DATE OF MY BIRTH OR THE IDENTITY OF MY FATHER, COMBINED WITH THE VAGUE, FLEETING MEMORIES OF MY MOTHER THAT MOCK MORE THAN THEY | COMFORT, HAUNTED ME AS A CHILD, AND REMAIN AS I ESTIMATE THAT MY AGE BURDENS I CARRY TO : he are , WAS SIX OR SEVEN WHEN THIS DAY. “ ae - ga. 4 MY GRANDMOTHER LED ff ; , © , ME FROM HER CABIN TO THE HOME OF AARON ANTHONY AT THE WYE HOUSE PLANTATION. GRAN’MAMA, WHAT IS THIS PLACE? FRED, THIS HERE IS THE HOME OF OL’ MASTER . . Se OLKS CALL IT THE GREAT HOUSE. THE GREAT HOUSE? I AIN'T NEVER SEEN ANYTHING LIKE THIS BEFORE. FAMILY I HAD NEVER KNOWN : BEFORE GREETED ME, INCLUDING MY OLDER BROTHER AND SISTERS, )uem PERRY, ELIZA, AND SARAH, NOT TO ave MENTION NUMEROUS COUSINS. THIS HERE = YOUR FAMILY, THAT'S RIGHT. THEY WERE PEOPLE NOW, YOU GO PREVIOUSLY KNOWN ON AND PLAY. TO ME ONLY IN NAME, SUDDENLY MADE REAL. IT WAS BOTH INVIGORATING AND OVERWHELMING. WE PLAYED, I SUPPOSE AS ALL CHILDREN PLAY, TOO YOUNG TO BE FULLY BURDENED BY THE REALITY OF WHAT WE WERE-- THE PROPERTY OF ANOTHER. IT WAS NOT THE FIRST TIME MY GRANDMOTHER HAD DELIVERED A CHILD OVER TO THE WORLD OF SLAVERY. I SUSPECT THIS TO BE THE REASON SHE LEFT WITHOUT SAYING A WORD. (HEY,

6 GRAN’MAMA, LOOK AT a2 PERHAPS THE PAIN OF DOING SO HAD TAUGHT HER THAT WORDS WOULD BRING NO COMFORT TO HER OR TO ME. HOW MANY CHILDREN AND GRANDCHILDREN CAN ANY ONE PERSON LOSE AND REMAIN UNBROKEN? Where’s Gran’mama? SHE GONE, FRED. THIS HERE YER NEW HOME. ALTHOUGH I HAD BEEN BORN A SLAVE, IT WAS NOT UNTIL MY GRANDMOTHER LEFT ME AT THE GREAT HOUSE THAT I STARTED TO BECOME AWARE OF WHAT THAT TRULY MEANT. BEFORE WE LEFT MY GRANDMOTHER'S HUMBLE CABIN, MAKING THE LONG WALK TO MY NEW HOME, I WAS, AS FAR AS MY LIMITED UNDERSTANDING PERMITTED, SIMPLY A CHILD. BUT BY THE END OF THAT Day, MY CHILDHOOD HAD ENDED, REALITY ITSELF BEGAN TO TRANSFORM, AND I, BY VIRTUE OF CIRCUMSTANCES I COULD NOT COMPREHEND OR CONTROL, HAD BECOME A SLAVE. The history of slavery in the British American colonies, and then later in the United States, is complicated, spanning nearly two hundred fifty years. This does not include slavery in Spanish colonies in the Caribbean or South America, which goes back more than another one hundred years. The number of Africans shipped to North America, South America, and the Caribbean between 1525 and 1866 was over twelve million. In the American colonies, and later the United States, slaves were not counted in the census as people, but as property. In the 1790 census of the American colonies, the number of slaves listed was just under 700,000. By 1860, that number had climbed to just under four million. The following is a very brief lesson in the history of slavery in America, highlighting key dates, events, and individuals. It is not meant to bea comprehensive overview by any stretch of the imagination, but it serves to give some historical context of the world Frederick Douglass was born into. 1619: Twenty Africans are brought to the British colony of Jamestown, Virginia. This marks the beginning of the enslavement of Africans in the British American colonies. Early slaves of African descent were not held in bondage for life, much like the white indentured servants of the time. Likewise, children of slaves were often not considered slaves. 1640: Three indentured servants, two white and one black, run away from their masters in the Colony of Virginia. All three are captured, and the terms of service for the white men are extended. The term of service for the black man, John Punch, is extended to life, making him the first known slave for life in the colonies. This is also the first known

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