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Luxembourg Economic Measures and Policy
Brandon Long
University of Arizona Global Campus
ECO 203: Principles of Macro-Economics
Professor Salma Matin
Due: 4 March 2024
2
Luxembourg’s economy has been a benchmark around the world for other countries to emulate within the European Union. Their economy is largely dependent on banking, steel, and various industrial sectors. Economies are comprised of many parts, such as Gross Domestic Product (GDP), debt, interest rates, and others, the Luxembourg economy is unique in that its citizens enjoy one of the highest per capita GDPs in the world. These factors will be explored and discussed in detail to provide a snapshot of the economy as well as explore some policy ideas on how to maintain or improve the economy in the short and long term.
Economic Indicators
The country has a modest GDP when compared to other countries like the United States, topping 77 billion Euros in 2022 or about 84 Billion Dollars today. With an overall population of
640 thousand people in 2022, the GDP per capita was slightly north of 120K Euros. This amount
signifies the economic impact per person within the country and is staggering on its own because
it is the highest in the entire world. Luxembourg’s average real GDP had a growth rate of 2.5% over the last decade. Highlighting the Luxembourg economy on the global stage, the country itself ranks 72 among other major economies with the United States taking the top spot by comparison. Public debt relates to the amounts owed by the different levels of government and is used to finance public deficits resulting from a higher level of program spending to budgeted income. This type of debt held by the public comes in many forms: Treasury bills, notes, bonds, and other
various government securities. Public debt is an important aspect of an economy because it is a resource the government can tap into to help finance public spending and fill holes within the budget. Using public debt as a percentage of GDP can indicate the health of the government’s ability to meet future economic obligations. In 2022, the public debt for Luxembourg was 24.7%
3
of GDP. In the preceding decade, the public debt averaged 22.4% of the GDP, but it remained far
below the area average of 90.9% of GDP.
Luxembourg’s rate of inflation has seen its ups and down. Their Inflation was highest in 2022 at 8.2% for the year and saw a decrease in 2023 down to 2.9%. Increases in 2022 were largely due to the Russian invasion of Ukraine as well as increased energy and fuel costs as a direct result of larger economic tensions within the region as sanctions were enacted on Russia and they looked for other opportunities to secure their own fuel and oil reserves. This spike in demand created many challenges in terms of policy development and execution. Typically, an attempt is made to keep at around 2% annually, at least as a goal. Over the last decade, inflation has averaged 2.1% annually. Having such a surge highlighted the tenuous relationship between economic impacts from current events and inflation control overall. Inflation should continue on a downward trend for the country unless further disturbances happen.
Policy interest are rates that are set by the government for purposes of controlling inflation rates as well as helping to stabilize the economy during times of economic turmoil from
inside or outside sources. Policy rates in Luxembourg have averaged 1% per year historically, but June of 2022 saw an all-time low of 0%. Since that time, the policy rate has steadily increased. Current rates as current as January 2024 are 4.5%. With Luxembourg joining the Euro
Area in January of 1999, they adopted the European Central Bank monetary policy mechanisms and have followed suit since that time. With much of their inflation being due to rising energy costs, different measures were put in place to combat unwanted economic impacts. These included placing a price cap on gas freezing electricity prices to their 2022 levels. Targeted allowances and tax credits were given to citizens to continue the forward movement of the economy.
4
Trade balance is the measure of the difference between a nation’s exports and imports of goods, services, and other income flow, and is factored into bilateral trading relationships. Luxembourg has historically operated at a trade surplus since 2016 with a peak in that year of 1.9
billion Euros. In 2017, the trade balance decreased to 1.7B Euro and a swift and steep decline from 2020 to 2022, with the most recent data indicating that their surplus was only at 100M Euro. While a decline in trade balance can be seen as a bad thing, it could simply mean that they are taking in far more goods than they are selling to other countries overall. Given the timeframe where the most precipitous decline was, it is highly likely that this is due to impacts from the global pandemic. State of the Economy
While Luxembourg appears to have quickly recovered from the pandemic in 2019 and the years that followed due to extensive policy support, the Russian invasion of Ukraine has caused many inflationary pressures over that time. Overall Luxembourg has seen a slight economic decline recently as people are leaving the workforce as they age out and a skills gap is being created, not unlike in the United States currently. Stimulating the economy through decisive economic policy and government involvement would be beneficial to the citizens as well as the country. While the economic downturn is not enough to categorize a recession, likely,
that inaction will only make the current downturn worse and compound the issues seen. Supply and Demand models and Philip’s curve
The AD-AS model and Phillip’s curve are two economic displays that explore and communicate the relationship between GDP, inflation, and unemployment (Amacher et al, 2019). The AD-AS captures and models aggregate demand and supply model showing the
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Related Questions
Part 2 question:
Imagine you are one of the few highly skilled workers in a less developed country. Your country has been increasingly participated in Global Value Chains (GVCs) in the past decades. Is your country’s increasing involvement in GVCs is a good thing for you? Explain why. [Note: assume that you are primarily concerned about your wages, and you have no intention to migrate to other countries].
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Economics
Present a brief overview of the Canadian Economy
in past 10 years in terms of macroeconomic
indicators and compare it with Canada's
neighboring countries. How Canadian Economy
changed during these years in terms of exchange
rate, GDP per capita, trade and also inflation?
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Case. The experience of Greece illustrates some of the challenges of the eurozone. As a result of the global financial crisis that began in 2007–2008, the eurozone entered its first official recession. The severity of this downturn came close to breaking up the eurozone as financially weak members such as Greece, Portugal, Cyprus, and Spain teetered on the verge of bankruptcy.In 2008, Greece was in deep recession, its economy was uncompetitive with northern eurozone members like Germany, and its debt was more than three times as large as previously estimated. With debt piling up, investors feared that Greece could not pay its international obligations. To shore up Greece’s financial position, other eurozone countries, in conjunction with the International Monetary Fund (IMF), agreed on a packagethat gave Greece 110 billion euros in loans. When this bailout was agreed to, it was feared that Greece's exit from the eurozone would cause so much panic in the markets that other vulnerable…
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2. GDP and GNP
The figure below shows GDP and GNP for Ireland in recent years. Unlike most
countries, there is a large difference between them.
450
400
GDP
350
300
250
GNP
200
* 150
100
50
Ireland has a large number of foreign-owned companies operating there. Based
on this fact, what item or items in the balance of payments do you think accounts
for this difference between GDP and GNP? Your answer should indicate one or
specific items in the balance of payments, and specify which direction of flow and
whether it is unusually large or small compared with other countries. For
example: "inward portfolio flows are unusually large" (this is not the correct
answer!). Give a brief answer.
$ Billions
2001
zooz
2003
2005
900z
2002
B00Z
600Z
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
arrow_forward
ON CULTURE: Not all people in your country support globalization, and some feel that globalization is an economic threat. However, to what extent could it be they may also feel that it is a threat to their culture?
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Economics
2. Suppose Country X is hit by an earthquake that
destroys virtually all of the infrastructure in the
capital city (roads, hospitals, schools etc.). What
would we expect to happen to the current account
of Country X over the next 10 years?
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Part 1 : Please create a plot where you compare the attached countries for each variable: GDP, GDP Growth and inflation.
Part 2 : Regarding economic growth and price control, what can be concluded for each of these economies?
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37
arrow_forward
Paragraph
Assignment
If you have the following data that representing an economy
of a country as follow:
355
transfer payments
315
Indirect taxes
2335
Wages
125
social security deductions
410
personal taxes (direct taxes )
Imports
350
250
Rent
450
income of foreigners inside Jordan
145
Exports
retained (undistributed) profit
70
360
Interest
50
Depreciations
transfer payments
355
300
income of the Jordanian from abroad
750
Gross private investment expenditures
275
corporate taxes
740
Government expenditures
475
Profit
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The growth rate of real GDP per person in pacific in 2020 is blank percent
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Connect Problem CP 28-09 (algo)
Consider the following data for a particular country.
Real GDP per Capita, Year 1 Population, Year 1 and Year 2
$37,500
400 million
Growth Rate of Real GDP,
Year 1 to Year 2
6 percent
Inflation Rate
4 percent
Instructions: In part a, enter your answer as a whole number. In part b, round your answer to 2 decimal places.
a. What is real GDP per capita in year 2?
$
b. What is real GDP in year 2?
trillion
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principle of economy
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Explain briefly the three basic questions that every country must ask themselves about their economies.
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7. Calculate the compound annual growth rates of goods exports and GDP of developed, developing countries, Canada and BRIC for the decade 2006-2016 (just use end years data to calculate the growth. Present your result either in a table or graphs. What do these growth rates tell about globalization vs. national economic growth rates for these groups? 8. How have US shares of Canada's exports, and imports of goods and services, and inward and outward FDI stock changed in the last two decades? Show with two graphs, one for trade and the other for FDI) Most of these data can be downloaded from World Bank, UNCTAD and CANSIM databases.
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What term describes the total value of all
goods and services produced within a
country's borders over a specific time
period?
A. Gross Domestic Product (GDP)
B. Net Export
C. Consumer Price Index (CPI)
D. Purchasing Power Parity (PPP)
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Globalization and the Asia Pacific and South Asia (Make your own answer & make it concise)
1. How did globalization change the Asian region?
2. what were the changes in Asia brought about by globalization?
3. What caused the Asian financial crisis in the late 1990s?
Read the third wave: "Southeast Asia and middle class formation in the Making a region" by takashi shiraishi. The answer the following questions.
1. Compare and contrast the rise of middle classes in Southeast Asian countries.
2. Why did the writer consider the middle class a "third wave"?
3. How did the emergence of the middle change the Asian region?
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1 Test A 2 (algo)
Question Help
The table provides some data on real GDP and the population of Iberia in 2014
and 2015.
Real GDP
Population
(billions)
Year
(billions of pesos)
If the growth rates of 2015 are maintained in future years, when will real GDP per
person in Iberia double?
2014
180,000
300
2015
192,816
309
If the growth rates of 2015 are maintained in future years, real GDP per person in
Iberia will
O A. double by 2038
O B. double after 23 years
OC. never double unless the population stops growing
O D. double by 2033
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Explain elaborately about UAE's various factors that includes the below:-
(i) official country name
(ii) population,
(iii)capital city,
(iv) currency,
(v) cultural facts such languages, religions, food, music and others,
(vi) political structure and leader of the nation,
(vii)business etiquette,
(viii) primary imports and exports,
(ix)Gross Income, per capita Income, and other facts that a potential business person would be interested to know.
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The table provides some data on real GDP and the population of Asiana in 2010
and 2011,
Real GDP
(trillions of yen)
Population
Year
(billions)
What was the growth rate of real GDP in Asiana in 2011?
2010
400,000
500
What was the growth rate of real GDP per person in Asiana in 2011?
2011
412,080
505
>>> Answer as a whole number.
The growth rate of real GDP in Asiana in 2011 is
percent.
The growth rate of real GDP per person in Asiana in 2011 was
percent.
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ESSAY:
1. How is regionalism different from and yet a part of globalization?
2. What are the conflicting ideas between religious thought and the ideology of globalism?
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Explain clearly the 3 slides/picture.
Economic Globalism
Globalization
Economic Globalization
Explain the information on the picture.
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Explain what is meant by the term globalisation, and what is the link between globalisation and wellbeing? (2-3 sentences)
As the world continues to recover from the COVID-19 pandemic, give some examples of the ways that international collaboration and co-operation have been important for the global recovery? In what ways has international collaboration been under threat during the pandemic, and what policy arrangements and institutional settings can help to ensure that countries continue to co-operate with each other in the future? (2-3 sentences)
The Australian Trade and Investment Commission (Austrade) reports on Australia’s trade patterns with the…
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What are the benefits of the following global economic transactions? Explain each of the following.
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2. Encouraging competitiveness between countries in various markets
3. Raising productivity and efficiency across countries
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B. What are the underlying definitions of globalization and its effect?
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What are the impacts of these changes (various economic, social, and political changes that occurred in the 19th century) to Rizal in the context of his times? Is there a link between Rizal (individual) and the society (Philippines)?
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i. An earthquake destroying many factories and roads in the country
ii. A removal of restrictions on foreign workers working in the country
iii. Reaching a trade agreement with many other countriesiv. An occurrence of hyperinflation in the country
How would the long run economic growth of the country be affected in each of the above cases? Briefly explain your answers.
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11. Case Study
Stages of Economic Growth in Practice: UAE
Industrialization, urbanization, and trade in the vein of Rostow's model are still seen by many as a roadmap for a
country's development. UAE is one of the best examples of a country that grew in this way and is now a notable
player in the global economy. The UAE has developed from a juxtaposition of Bedouin tribes to one of the world's
most wealthy states in only about 50 years.
Since its independence in 1971, the UAE's economy has grown by nearly 231 times to 1.45 trillion AED in 2013.
The non-oil trade has grown to 1.2 trillion AED, a growth of around 28 times from 1981 to 2012. Backed by the
world's seventh-largest oil deposits, and thanks to considerate investments combined with decided economic
liberalism and firm Government control, the UAE has seen its real GDP more than tripled in the last four decades.
Nowadays the UAE is one of the world's richest countries, with GDP per capita almost 80% higher than…
arrow_forward
If you have the following data that representing an economy
of a country as follow:
transfer payments
355
Indirect taxes
315
Wages
2335
social security deductions
personal taxes (direct taxes )
125
410
Imports
350
Rent
250
income of foreigners inside Jordan
450
Exports
145
retained (undistributed) profit
70
Interest
360
Depreciations
transfer payments
50
355
income of the Jordanian from abroad
300
Gross private investment expenditures
750
corporate taxes
275
Government expenditures
740
Profit
475
According to the above information answer the following questions:
1. find the following values related to GDP accounts :
Gross domestic product (GDP) according expenditure approach =
Net domestic product (NDP) =
Domestic income (DOI) =
Gross national product (GNP) =
Net national product (NNP) =
National income (NI) =
Personal income =
• Disposable personal income (DPI) =
• household savings (S) =
Cash Dividends ( distributed profit) =
2. Find the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) according to…
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The U.S. Economy, 2009
For 200 years, there were substantial differences among U.S. regions in per capita incomes and economic growth. Each region had a distinct set of economic activities and, to a major degree, the differences in regional economic performance were linked to the differences in economic structure. Individual states experienced periods of expansion and contraction as the basic business activities dominating their economy expanded and contracted. These changes led to significant migration of people and businesses among regions and to a gradual narrowing, since the 1930s, of regional disparities. Over the period of 1990 to 2007, the United States experienced outstanding economic success. Many analysts expressed the view that this economic success rested on consistently high productivity growth. The public philosophy supported low taxes and low government expenditure for health, education and welfare, with a heavy reliance on the need for each individual to succeed on…
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3. What does the term ‘globalization’ mean to you, and how does it relate to the idea of world development? From what you have heard before, do you see globalization as a good or bad issue for the United States economically? Why?
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The economy of a hypothetical country has been stable for two or three years with very low unemployment. Wages have been gradually increasing during this time. Now an aggressive policy of increasing tariffs on foreign goods imported into the country results in retaliatory actions from the other countries against the hypothetical country’s products and services. This causes great loss of business in the hypothetical country, and results in significant unemployment. Include detailed answers to the following questions:
1. What kind of economic gap will start to occur (inflationary or recessionary)?
2. What kind of fiscal policy might be helpful to stabilize the economy (expansionary or contractionary)?
3. What specific fiscal policy tools does the government have available, and how should these tools be utilized to maximize their effect in stabilizing the economy?
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ANSWER THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS: (Detailed responses (4-5 paragraphs for each question. No short answers please
1. Why did the unemployment rate increase in the year 2020?
2. How has the pandemic impacted inflation?
3. How did Covid-19 effect the stock market?
4. What was the potential impact of Covid-19 on GDP (gross domestic product) and trade?
A. Provide an introduction and the background of your study, and clearly state what your research question or objective is.
What real world issue are you going to research; ie your research idea or objective: III. Briefly explain how the economic theory is related to your real world topic
Recent Trends of Real-World Evidence Report: Produce a report of facts/information to educate us about your chosen real world application. Find news items/articles that provide verifiable facts/data related to your topic of interest (views and opinions expressed via social media are not credible since they are not facts)). These should report recent…
arrow_forward
If you have the following data that representing an economy
of a country as follow:
transfer payments
355
Indirect taxes
315
Wages
2335
social security deductions
125
personal taxes (direct taxes )
Imports
410
350
Rent
250
income of foreigners inside Jordan
450
145
Exports
retained (undistributed) profit
70
Interest
360
50
Depreciations
transfer payments
355
income of the Jordanian from abroad
300
Gross private investment expenditures
750
275
corporate taxes
Government expenditures
740
Profit
475
According to the above information answer the following questions:
arrow_forward
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